Acts 2:30-33
30So then, because ▼▼ The participles ὑπάρχων (huparcōn) and εἰδώς (eidōs) are translated as causal adverbial participles.
he was a prophet and knew that God had sworn to him with an oath to seat one of his descendants ▼▼ Grk “one from the fruit of his loins.” “Loins” is the traditional translation of ὀσφῦς (osfus), referring to the male genital organs. A literal rendering like “one who came from his genital organs” would be regarded as too specific and perhaps even vulgar by many contemporary readers. Most modern translations thus render the phrase “one of his descendants.”
on his throne, ▼ 31David by foreseeing this ▼▼ Grk “David foreseeing spoke.” The participle προϊδών (proidōn) is taken as indicating means. It could also be translated as a participle of attendant circumstance: “David foresaw [this] and spoke.” The word “this” is supplied in either case as an understood direct object (direct objects in Greek were often omitted, but must be supplied for the modern English reader).
spoke about the resurrection of the Christ, ▼▼ Or “the Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”
▼▼ The term χριστός (cristos) was originally an adjective (“anointed”), developing in LXX into a substantive (“an anointed one”), then developing still further into a technical generic term (“the anointed one”). In the intertestamental period it developed further into a technical term referring to the hoped-for anointed one, that is, a specific individual. In the NT the development starts there (technical-specific), is so used in the gospels, and then develops in Paul’s letters to mean virtually Jesus’ last name.
that he was neither abandoned to Hades, ▼ nor did his body ▼▼ Grk “flesh.” See vv. 26b–27. The reference to “body” in this verse picks up the reference to “body” in v. 26. The Greek term σάρξ (sarx) in both verses literally means “flesh”; however, the translation “body” stresses the lack of decay of his physical body. The point of the verse is not merely the lack of decay of his flesh alone, but the resurrection of his entire person, as indicated by the previous parallel line “he was not abandoned to Hades.”
experience ▼▼ Grk “see,” but the literal translation of the phrase “see decay” could be misunderstood to mean simply “look at decay,” while here “see decay” is really figurative for “experience decay.”
decay. ▼ 32This Jesus God raised up, and we are all witnesses of it. ▼ 33So then, exalted ▼▼ The aorist participle ὑψωθείς (huyōtheis) could be taken temporally: “So then, after he was exalted…” In the translation the more neutral “exalted” (a shorter form of “having been exalted”) was used to preserve the ambiguity of the original Greek.
to the right hand ▼ of God, and having received ▼▼ The aorist participle λαβών (labōn) could be taken temporally: “So then, after he was exalted…and received from the Father the promised Holy Spirit.” In the translation the more neutral “having received” was used to preserve the ambiguity of the original Greek.
the promise of the Holy Spirit ▼▼ Here the genitive τοῦ πνεύματος (tou pneumatos) is a genitive of apposition; the promise consists of the Holy Spirit.
from the Father, he has poured out ▼ what you both see and hear.
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