Gen 15:9-21 | NETfull | STEP | The Lord said to him, “Take for me a heifer, a goat, and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.”

Genesis 15:9-21

9 The Lord ^{▼▼ Heb “He”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.} said to him, “Take for me a heifer, a goat, and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” 10 So Abram ^{▼▼ Heb “he”; the referent (Abram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.} took all these for him and then cut them in two ^{▼▼ Heb “in the middle.”} and placed each half opposite the other, ^{▼▼ Heb “to meet its neighbor.”} ^{▼▼ For discussion of this ritual see G. F. Hasel, “The Meaning of the Animal Rite in Genesis 15, ” JSOT 19 (1981): 61-78.} but he did not cut the birds in half. 11 When birds of prey came down on the carcasses, Abram drove them away.

12 When the sun went down, Abram fell sound asleep, ^{▼▼ Heb “a deep sleep fell on Abram.”} and great terror overwhelmed him. ^{▼▼ Heb “and look, terror, a great darkness was falling on him.”} 13 Then the Lord said to Abram, “Know for certain ^{▼▼ The Hebrew construction is emphatic, with the Qal infinitive absolute followed by the imperfect from יָדַע (yada’, “know”). The imperfect here has an obligatory or imperatival force.} that your descendants will be strangers ^{▼▼ The Hebrew word גֵּר (ger, “sojourner, stranger”) is related to the verb גּוּר (gur, “to sojourn, to stay for awhile”). Abram’s descendants will stay in a land as resident aliens without rights of citizenship.} in a foreign country. ^{▼▼ Heb “in a land not theirs.”} They will be enslaved and oppressed ^{▼▼ Heb “and they will serve them and they will oppress them.” The verb עִנּוּ, (’innu, a Piel form from עָנָה, ’anah, “to afflict, to oppress, to treat harshly”), is used in Exod 1:11 to describe the oppression of the Israelites in Egypt.} for four hundred years. 14 But I will execute judgment on the nation that they will serve. ^{▼▼ The participle דָּן (dan, from דִּין, din) is used here for the future: “I am judging” = “I will surely judge.” The judgment in this case will be condemnation and punishment. The translation “execute judgment on” implies that the judgment will certainly be carried out.} Afterward they will come out with many possessions. 15 But as for you, ^{▼▼ The vav with the pronoun before the verb calls special attention to the subject in contrast to the preceding subject.} you will go to your ancestors ^{▼▼ You will go to your ancestors. This is a euphemistic expression for death.} in peace and be buried at a good old age. ^{▼▼ Heb “in a good old age.”} 16 In the fourth generation ^{▼▼ The term generation is being used here in its widest sense to refer to a full life span. When the chronological factors are considered and the genealogies tabulated, there are four hundred years of bondage. This suggests that in this context a generation is equivalent to one hundred years.} your descendants ^{▼▼ Heb “they”; the referent (“your descendants”) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.} will return here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its limit.” ^{▼▼ Heb “is not yet complete.”} ^{▼▼ The sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its limit. The justice of God is apparent. He will wait until the Amorites are fully deserving of judgment before he annihilates them and gives the land to Israel.}

17 When the sun had gone down and it was dark, a smoking firepot with a flaming torch ^{▼▼ A smoking pot with a flaming torch. These same implements were used in Mesopotamian rituals designed to ward off evil (see E. A. Speiser, Genesis [AB], 113-14).} passed between the animal parts. ^{▼▼ Heb “these pieces.”} 18 That day the Lord made a covenant ^{▼▼ Heb “cut a covenant.”} with Abram: “To your descendants I give ^{▼▼ The perfect verbal form is understood as instantaneous (“I here and now give”). Another option is to understand it as rhetorical, indicating certitude (“I have given” meaning it is as good as done, i.e., “I will surely give”).} ^{▼▼ To your descendants I give this land. The Lord here unconditionally promises that Abram’s descendants will possess the land, but he does not yet ratify his earlier promises to give Abram a multitude of descendants and eternal possession of the land. The fulfillment of those aspects of the promise remain conditional (see Gen 17:1–8) and are ratified after Abraham offers up his son Isaac (see Gen 22:1–19). For a fuller discussion see R. B. Chisholm, “Evidence from Genesis,” A Case for Premillennialism, 35–54.} this land, from the river of Egypt ^{▼▼ The river of Egypt is a wadi (a seasonal stream) on the northeastern border of Egypt, not to the River Nile.} to the great river, the Euphrates River – 19 the land ^{▼▼ The words “the land” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.} of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, 20 Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, 21 Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” ^{▼▼ Each of the names in the list has the Hebrew definite article, which is used here generically for the class of people identified.}