Job 21:7-16
The Wicked Prosper
7 “Why do the wicked go on living, ▼▼ A. B. Davidson (Job, 154) clarifies that Job’s question is of a universal scope. In the government of God, why do the wicked exist at all? The verb could be translated “continue to live.”
grow old, ▼
▼ The verb עָתַק (’ataq) means “to move; to proceed; to advance.” Here it is “to advance in years” or “to grow old.” This clause could serve as an independent clause, a separate sentence; but it more likely continues the question of the first colon and is parallel to the verb “live.”
even increase in power? 8 Their children ▼
▼ Heb “their seed.”
are firmly established in their presence, ▼
▼ The text uses לִפְנֵיהֶם עִמָּם (lifnehem ’immam, “before them, with them”). Many editors think that these were alternative readings, and so omit one or the other. Dhorme moved עִמָּם (’immam) to the second half of the verse and emended it to read עֹמְדִים (’omedim, “abide”). Kissane and Gordis changed only the vowels and came up with עַמָּם (’ammam, “their kinfolk”). But Gordis thinks the presence of both of them in the line is evidence of a conflated reading (p. 229).
their offspring before their eyes.
9 Their houses are safe ▼
▼ The word שָׁלוֹם (shalom, “peace, safety”) is here a substantive after a plural subject (see GKC 452 #141.c, n. 3).
and without fear; ▼▼ The form מִפָּחַד (mippakhad) is translated “without fear,” literally “from fear”; the preposition is similar to the alpha privative in Greek. The word “fear, dread” means nothing that causes fear or dread – they are peaceful, secure. See GKC 382 #119.w.
and no rod of punishment ▼
▼ Heb “no rod of God.” The words “punishment from” have been supplied in the translation to make the metaphor understandable for the modern reader by stating the purpose of the rod.
from God is upon them. ▼ 10 Their bulls ▼
▼ Heb “his bull,” but it is meant to signify the bulls of the wicked.
breed ▼▼ The verb used here means “to impregnate,” and not to be confused with the verb עָבַר (’avar, “to pass over”).
without fail; ▼▼ The use of the verb גָּעַר (ga’ar) in this place is interesting. It means “to rebuke; to abhor; to loathe.” In the causative stem it means “to occasion impurity” or “to reject as loathsome.” The rabbinic interpretation is that it does not emit semen in vain, and so the meaning is it does not fail to breed (see E. Dhorme, Job, 311; R. Gordis, Job, 229).
their cows calve and do not miscarry.
11 They allow their children to run ▼
▼ The verb שָׁלַח (shalakh) means “to send forth,” but in the Piel “to release; to allow to run free.” The picture of children frolicking in the fields and singing and dancing is symbolic of peaceful, prosperous times.
like a flock; their little ones dance about.
12 They sing ▼
▼ The verb is simply “they take up [or lift up],” but the understood object is “their voices,” and so it means “they sing.”
to the accompaniment of tambourine and harp, and make merry to the sound of the flute.
13 They live out ▼
▼ The Kethib has “they wear out” but the Qere and the versions have יְכַלּוּ (yekhallu, “bring to an end”). The verb כָּלָה (kalah) means “to finish; to complete,” and here with the object “their days,” it means that they bring their life to a (successful) conclusion. Both readings are acceptable in the context, with very little difference in the overall meaning (which according to Gordis is proof the Qere does not always correct the Kethib).
their years in prosperity and go down ▼ to the grave ▼
▼ The word רֶגַע (rega’) has been interpreted as “in a moment” or “in peace” (on the basis of Arabic raja`a, “return to rest”). Gordis thinks this is a case of talhin – both meanings present in the mind of the writer.
in peace. 14 So they say to God, ‘Turn away from us!
We do not want to ▼
▼ The absence of the preposition before the complement adds greater vividness to the statement: “and knowing your ways – we do not desire.”
know your ways. ▼ 15 Who is the Almighty, that ▼ we should serve him?
What would we gain
if we were to pray ▼
▼ The verb פָּגַע (paga’) means “to encounter; to meet,” but also “to meet with request; to intercede; to interpose.” The latter meaning is a derived meaning by usage.
to him?’ ▼▼ The verse is not present in the LXX. It may be that it was considered too blasphemous and therefore omitted.
16 But their prosperity is not their own doing. ▼
▼ Heb “is not in their hand.”
▼▼ The implication of this statement is that their well-being is from God, which is the problem Job is raising in the chapter. A number of commentators make it a question, interpreting it to mean that the wicked enjoy prosperity as if it is their right. Some emend the text to say “his hands” – Gordis reads it, “Indeed, our prosperity is not in his hands.”
The counsel of the wicked is far from me! ▼
▼ Even though their life seems so good in contrast to his own plight, Job cannot and will not embrace their principles – “far be from me their counsel.”
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