Psa 58-60 | NETfull | STEP | For the music director; according to the al-tashcheth style; a prayer of David. Do you rulers really pronounce just decisions? Do you judge people fairly?

Psalms 58

Psalm 58

^{▼▼ Psalm 58. The psalmist calls on God to punish corrupt judges because a vivid display of divine judgment will convince observers that God is the just judge of the world who vindicates the godly.}

For the music director; according to the al-tashcheth style; ^{▼▼ Heb “do not destroy.” Perhaps this refers to a particular style of music, a tune title, or a musical instrument. These words also appear in the heading to Pss 57, 59, and 75.} a prayer ^{▼▼ The precise meaning of the Hebrew word מִכְתָּם (miktam) which also appears in the heading to Pss 16 and 56–57, 59–60 is uncertain. HALOT 582-83 s.v. defines it as “inscription.”} of David.

1 Do you rulers really pronounce just decisions? ^{▼▼ Heb “Really [in] silence, what is right do you speak?” The Hebrew noun אֵלֶם (’elem, “silence”) makes little, if any, sense in this context. Some feel that this is an indictment of the addressees’ failure to promote justice; they are silent when they should make just decisions. The present translation assumes an emendation to אֵלִם (’elim), which in turn is understood as a defectively written form of אֵילִים (’elim, “rulers,” a metaphorical use of אַיִל, ’ayil, “ram”; see Exod 15:15; Ezek 17:13). The rhetorical question is sarcastic, challenging their claim to be just. Elsewhere the collocation of דָּבַר (davar, “speak”) with צֶדֶק (tsedeq, “what is right”) as object means “to speak the truth” (see Ps 52:3; Isa 45:19). Here it refers specifically to declaring what is right in a legal setting, as the next line indicates.}
Do you judge people ^{▼▼ Heb “the sons of mankind.” The translation assumes the phrase is the object of the verb “to judge.” Some take it as a vocative, “Do you judge fairly, O sons of mankind?” (Cf. NASB; see Ezek 20:4; 22:2; 23:36.)} fairly?
2 No! ^{▼▼ The particle אַף (’af, “no”) is used here as a strong adversative emphasizing the following statement, which contrasts reality with the rulers’ claim alluded to in the rhetorical questions (see Ps 44:9).} You plan how to do what is unjust; ^{▼▼ Heb “in the heart unjust deeds you do.” The phrase “in the heart” (i.e., “mind”) seems to refer to their plans and motives. The Hebrew noun עַוְלָה (’avlah, “injustice”) is collocated with פָּעַל (pa’al, “do”) here and in Job 36:23 and Ps 119:3. Some emend the plural form עוֹלֹת (’olot, “unjust deeds”; see Ps 64:6) to the singular עָוֶל (’avel, “injustice”; see Job 34:32), taking the final tav (ת) as dittographic (note that the following verbal form begins with tav). Some then understand עָוֶל (’avel, “injustice”) as a genitive modifying “heart” and translate, “with a heart of injustice you act.”}
you deal out violence in the earth. ^{▼▼ Heb “in the earth the violence of your hands you weigh out.” The imagery is from the economic realm. The addressees measure out violence, rather than justice, and distribute it like a commodity. This may be ironic, since justice was sometimes viewed as a measuring scale (see Job 31:6).}
3 The wicked turn aside from birth; ^{▼▼ Heb “from the womb.”}
liars go astray as soon as they are born. ^{▼▼ Heb “speakers of a lie go astray from the womb.”}
4 Their venom is like that of a snake, ^{▼▼ Heb “[there is] venom to them according to the likeness of venom of a snake.”}
like a deaf serpent ^{▼▼ Or perhaps “cobra” (cf. NASB, NIV). Other suggested species of snakes are “asp” (NEB) and “adder” (NRSV).} that does not hear, ^{▼▼ Heb “[that] stops up its ear.” The apparent Hiphil jussive verbal form should be understood as a Qal imperfect with “i” theme vowel (see GKC 168 #63.n).}
5 that does not respond to ^{▼▼ Heb “does not listen to the voice of.”} the magicians,
or to a skilled snake-charmer.
6 O God, break the teeth in their mouths!
Smash the jawbones of the lions, O Lord!
7 Let them disappear ^{▼▼ Following the imperatival forms in v. 6, the prefixed verbal form is understood as a jussive expressing the psalmist’s wish. Another option is to take the form as an imperfect (indicative) and translate, “they will scatter” (see v. 9). The verb מָאַס (ma’as; which is a homonym of the more common מָאַס, “to refuse, reject”) appears only here and in Job 7:5, where it is used of a festering wound from which fluid runs or flows.} like water that flows away! ^{▼▼ Heb “like water, they go about for themselves.” The translation assumes that the phrase “they go about for themselves” is an implied relative clause modifying “water.” Another option is to take the clause as independent and parallel to what precedes. In this case the enemies would be the subject and the verb could be taken as jussive, “let them wander about.”}
Let them wither like grass! ^{▼▼ The syntax of the Hebrew text is difficult and the meaning uncertain. The text reads literally, “he treads his arrows (following the Qere; Kethib has “his arrow”), like they are cut off/dry up.” It is not clear if the verbal root is מָלַל (malal, “circumcise”; BDB 576 s.v. IV מָלַל) or the homonymic מָלַל (“wither”; HALOT 593-94 s.v. I מלל). Since the verb מָלַל (“to wither”) is used of vegetation, it is possible that the noun חָצִיר (khatsir, “grass,” which is visually similar to חִצָּיו, khitsayv, “his arrows”) originally appeared in the text. The translation above assumes that the text originally was כְּמוֹ חָצִיר יִתְמֹלָלוּ(k^emo khatsir yitmolalu, “like grass let them wither”). If original, it could have been accidentally corrupted to חִצָּיר כְּמוֹ יִתְמֹלָלוּ (“his arrow(s) like they dry up”) with דָּרַךְ (darakh, “to tread”) being added later in an effort to make sense of “his arrow(s).”}
8 Let them be ^{▼▼ There is no “to be” verb in the Hebrew text at this point, but a jussive tone can be assumed based on vv. 6–7.} like a snail that melts away as it moves along! ^{▼▼ Heb “like a melting snail [that] moves along.” A. Cohen (Psalms [SoBB], 184) explains that the text here alludes “to the popular belief that the slimy trail which the snail leaves in its track is the dissolution of its substance.”}
Let them be like ^{▼▼ The words “let them be like” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. The jussive mood is implied from the preceding context, and “like” is understood by ellipsis (see the previous line).} stillborn babies ^{▼▼ This rare word also appears in Job 3:16 and Eccles 6:3.} that never see the sun!
9 Before the kindling is even placed under your pots, ^{▼▼ Heb “before your pots perceive thorns.”}
he ^{▼▼ Apparently God (v. 6) is the subject of the verb here.} will sweep it away along with both the raw and cooked meat. ^{▼▼ Heb “like living, like burning anger he will sweep it away.” The meaning of the text is unclear. The translation assumes that within the cooking metaphor (see the previous line) חַי (khay, “living”) refers here to raw meat (as in 1 Sam 2:15, where it modifies בָּשָׂר, basar, “flesh”) and that חָרוּן (kharun; which always refers to God’s “burning anger” elsewhere) here refers to food that is cooked. The pronominal suffix on the verb “sweep away” apparently refers back to the “thorns” of the preceding line. The image depicts swift and sudden judgment. Before the fire has been adequately kindled and all the meat cooked, the winds of judgment will sweep away everything in their path.}
10 The godly ^{▼▼ The singular is representative here, as is the singular from “wicked” in the next line.} will rejoice when they see vengeance carried out;
they will bathe their feet in the blood of the wicked.
11 Then ^{▼▼ Following the imperfects of v. 10, the prefixed verbal form with vav (ו) conjunctive probably indicates a result or consequence of what precedes.} observers ^{▼▼ Heb “man.” The singular is representative here.} will say,
“Yes indeed, the godly are rewarded! ^{▼▼ Heb “surely [there] is fruit for the godly.”}
Yes indeed, there is a God who judges ^{▼▼ The plural participle is unusual here if the preceding אֱלֹהִים (’elohim) is here a plural of majesty, referring to the one true God. Occasionally the plural of majesty does take a plural attributive (see GKC 428-29 #132.h). It is possible that the final mem (ם) on the participle is enclitic, and that it was later misunderstood as a plural ending. Another option is to translate, “Yes indeed, there are gods who judge in the earth.” In this case, the statement reflects the polytheistic mindset of pagan observers who, despite their theological ignorance, nevertheless recognize divine retribution when they see it.} in the earth!”

Psalms 59

Psalm 59

^{▼▼ Psalm 59. The psalmist calls down judgment on his foreign enemies, whom he compares to ravenous wild dogs.}

For the music director; according to the al-tashcheth style; ^{▼▼ Heb “do not destroy.” Perhaps this refers to a particular style of music, a tune title, or a musical instrument. These words also appear in the superscription to Pss 57–58, 75.} a prayer ^{▼▼ The precise meaning of the Hebrew word מִכְתָּם (miktam), which also appears in the heading to Pss 16, 56–58, 60 is uncertain. HALOT 582-83 s.v. defines it as “inscription.”} of David, written when Saul sent men to surround his house and murder him. ^{▼▼ Heb “when Saul sent and they watched his house in order to kill him.”} ^{▼▼ According to the superscription, David wrote this psalm on the occasion when Saul sent assassins to surround David’s house and kill him in the morning (see 1 Sam 19:11). However, the psalm itself mentions foreign enemies (vv. 5, 8). Perhaps these references reflect a later adaptation of an original Davidic psalm.}

1 Deliver me from my enemies, my God!
Protect me ^{▼▼ Or “make me secure”; Heb “set me on high.”} from those who attack me! ^{▼▼ Heb “from those who raise themselves up [against] me.”}
2 Deliver me from evildoers! ^{▼▼ Heb “from the workers of wickedness.”}
Rescue me from violent men! ^{▼▼ Heb “from men of bloodshed.”}
3 For look, they wait to ambush me; ^{▼▼ Heb “my life.”}
powerful men stalk ^{▼▼ The Hebrew verb is from the root גּוּר (gur), which means “to challenge, attack” in Isa 54:15 and “to stalk” (with hostile intent) in Ps 56:8.} me,
but not because I have rebelled or sinned, O Lord. ^{▼▼ The point is that the psalmist’s enemies have no justifiable reason for attacking him. He has neither rebelled or sinned against the Lord.}
4 Though I have done nothing wrong, ^{▼▼ Heb “without sin.”} they are anxious to attack. ^{▼▼ Heb “they run and they are determined.”}
Spring into action and help me! Take notice of me! ^{▼▼ Heb “arise to meet me and see.” The Hebrew verb קָרָא (qara’, “to meet; to encounter”) here carries the nuance of “to help.”}
5 You, O Lord God, the invincible warrior, ^{▼▼ Heb “Lord, God, Hosts.” One expects the construct form אֱלֹהֵי (’elohey) before צְבָאוֹת (ts^eva’ot, “hosts”). See Ps 89:9, but יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים (y^ehvah ’elohim) precedes צְבָאוֹת (ts^eva’ot) in Pss 80:4, 19; 84:8 as well.} the God of Israel,
rouse yourself and punish ^{▼▼ Heb “wake up to punish” (see Pss 35:23; 44:23).} all the nations!
Have no mercy on any treacherous evildoers! (Selah)
6 They return in the evening;
they growl ^{▼▼ Or “howl”; or “bark.”} like a dog
and prowl around outside ^{▼▼ Heb “go around.”} the city.
7 Look, they hurl insults at me
and openly threaten to kill me, ^{▼▼ Heb “look, they gush forth with their mouth, swords [are] in their lips.”}
for they say, ^{▼▼ The words “for they say” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The following question (“Who hears?”) is spoken by the psalmist’s enemies, who are confident that no one else can hear their threats against the psalmist. They are aggressive because they feel the psalmist is vulnerable and has no one to help him.}
“Who hears?”
8 But you, O Lord, laugh in disgust at them; ^{▼▼ Laugh in disgust. See Pss 2:4; 37:13.}
you taunt ^{▼▼ Or “scoff at”; or “deride”; or “mock” (see Ps 2:4).} all the nations.
9 You are my source of strength! I will wait for you! ^{▼▼ Heb “his strength, for you I will watch.” “His strength” should be emended to “my strength” (see v. 17). Some also emend אֶשְׁמֹרָה (’eshmorah, “I will watch”) to אֱזַמֵּרָה (’ezammerah, “I will sing praises [to you]”) See v. 17.}
For God is my refuge. ^{▼▼ Or “my elevated place” (see Ps 18:2).}
10 The God who loves me will help me; ^{▼▼ Heb “the God of my [Qere (marginal reading); the Kethib (consonantal text) has “his”] loyal love will meet me.”}
God will enable me to triumph over ^{▼▼ Heb “will cause me to look upon.”} my enemies. ^{▼▼ Heb “those who watch me [with evil intent].” See also Pss 5:8; 27:11; 54:5; 56:2.}
11 Do not strike them dead suddenly,
because then my people might forget the lesson. ^{▼▼ Heb “do not kill them, lest my people forget.”} ^{▼▼ My people might forget the lesson. Swift, sudden destruction might be quickly forgotten. The psalmist wants God’s judgment to be prolonged so that it might be a continual reminder of divine justice.}
Use your power to make them homeless vagabonds and then bring them down,
O Lord who shields us! ^{▼▼ Heb “make them roam around by your strength and bring them down, O our shield, the Lord.”}
12 They speak sinful words. ^{▼▼ Heb “the sin of their mouth [is] the word of their lips.”}
So let them be trapped by their own pride
and by the curses and lies they speak!
13 Angrily wipe them out! Wipe them out so they vanish!
Let them know that God rules
in Jacob and to the ends of the earth! (Selah)
14 They return in the evening;
they growl ^{▼▼ Or “howl”; or “bark.”} like a dog
and prowl around outside ^{▼▼ Heb “go around.”} the city.
15 They wander around looking for something to eat;
they refuse to sleep until they are full. ^{▼▼ Heb “if they are not full, they stay through the night.”}
16 As for me, I will sing about your strength;
I will praise your loyal love in the morning.
For you are my refuge ^{▼▼ Or “my elevated place” (see Ps 18:2).}
and my place of shelter when I face trouble. ^{▼▼ Heb “and my shelter in the day of my distress.”}
17 You are my source of strength! I will sing praises to you! ^{▼▼ Heb “my strength, to you I will sing praises.”}
For God is my refuge, ^{▼▼ Or “my elevated place” (see Ps 18:2).} the God who loves me. ^{▼▼ Heb “the God of my loyal love.”}

Psalms 60

Psalm 60

^{▼▼ Psalm 60. The psalmist grieves over Israel’s humiliation, but in response to God’s assuring word, he asks for divine help in battle and expresses his confidence in victory.}

For the music director; according to the shushan-eduth style; ^{▼▼ The Hebrew expression means “lily of the testimony.” It may refer to a particular music style or to a tune title.} a prayer ^{▼▼ The precise meaning of the Hebrew word מִכְתָּם (miktam), which also appears in the heading to Pss 16, 56–59, is uncertain. HALOT 582-83 s.v. defines it as “inscription.”} of David written to instruct others. ^{▼▼ Heb “to teach.”} It was written when he fought against Aram Naharaim and Aram-Zobah. That was when Joab turned back and struck down ^{▼▼ In Josh 8:21 and Judg 20:48 the two verbs “turn back” and “strike down” are also juxtaposed. There they refer to a military counter-attack.} 12,000 Edomites ^{▼▼ Heb “12,000 of Edom.” Perhaps one should read אֲרַם (’aram, “Aram”) here rather than אֱדוֹם (’edom, “Edom”).} in the Valley of Salt. ^{▼▼ The heading apparently refers to the military campaign recorded in 2 Sam 10 and 1 Chr 19.}

1 O God, you have rejected us. ^{▼▼ You have rejected us. See Pss 43:2; 44:9, 23.}
You suddenly turned on us in your anger. ^{▼▼ Heb “you broke out upon us, you were angry.”}
Please restore us! ^{▼▼ The imperfect verbal form here expresses the psalmist’s wish or prayer.}
2 You made the earth quake; you split it open. ^{▼▼ The verb פָּצַם (patsam, “split open”) occurs only here in the OT. An Arabic cognate means “crack,” and an Aramaic cognate is used in Tg. Jer 22:14 with the meaning “break open, frame.” See BDB 822 s.v. and Jastrow 1205 s.v. פְּצַם.} ^{▼▼ You made the earth quake; you split it open. The psalmist uses the imagery of an earthquake to describe the nation’s defeat.}
Repair its breaches, for it is ready to fall. ^{▼▼ It is ready to fall. The earth is compared to a wall that has been broken by the force of the earthquake (note the preceding line) and is ready to collapse.}
3 You have made your people experience hard times; ^{▼▼ Heb “you have caused your people to see [what is] hard.”}
you have made us drink intoxicating wine. ^{▼▼ Heb “wine of staggering,” that is, intoxicating wine that makes one stagger in drunkenness. Intoxicating wine is here an image of divine judgment that makes its victims stagger like drunkards. See Isa 51:17–23.}
4 You have given your loyal followers ^{▼▼ Heb “those who fear you.”} a rallying flag,
so that they might seek safety from the bow. ^{▼▼ There is a ray of hope in that God has allowed his loyal followers to rally under a battle flag. The translation assumes the verb is from the root נוּס (nus, “flee”) used here in the Hitpolel in the sense of “find safety for oneself” (HALOT 681 s.v. נוס) or “take flight for oneself” (BDB 630-31 s.v. נוּס). Another option is to take the verb as a denominative from נֵס (nes, “flag”) and translate “that it may be displayed” (BDB 651 s.v. II נסס) or “that they may assemble under the banner” (HALOT 704 s.v. II נסס). Here קֹשֶׁט (qoshet) is taken as an Aramaized form of קֶשֶׁת (qeshet, “bow”; BDB 905-6 s.v. קֶשֶׁת), though some understand the homonymic קֹשְׁטְ (qosht, “truth”) here (see Prov 22:21; cf. NASB). If one follows the latter interpretation, the line may be translated, “so that they might assemble under the banner for the sake of truth.”} (Selah)
5 Deliver by your power ^{▼▼ Heb “right hand.”} and answer me, ^{▼▼ The Qere (marginal reading) has “me,” while the Kethib (consonantal text) has “us.”}
so that the ones you love may be safe. ^{▼▼ Or “may be rescued.” The lines are actually reversed in the Hebrew text, “So that the ones you love may be rescued, deliver by your power and answer me.”}
6 God has spoken in his sanctuary: ^{▼▼ Heb “in his holy place.”}
“I will triumph! I will parcel out Shechem;
the Valley of Succoth I will measure off. ^{▼▼ Shechem stands for the territory west of the Jordan, the Valley of Succoth for the region east of the Jordan.}
7 Gilead belongs to me,
as does Manasseh! ^{▼▼ Gilead was located east of the Jordan. Half of the tribe of Manasseh lived east of the Jordan in the region of Bashan.}
Ephraim is my helmet, ^{▼▼ Heb “the protection of my head.”} ^{▼▼ Ephraim, named after one of Joseph’s sons, was one of two major tribes located west of the Jordan. By comparing Ephraim to a helmet, the Lord suggests that the Ephraimites played a primary role in the defense of his land.}
Judah my royal scepter. ^{▼▼ Judah, like Ephraim, was the other major tribe west of the Jordan. The Davidic king, symbolized here by the royal scepter, came from this tribe.}
8 Moab is my washbasin. ^{▼▼ The metaphor of the washbasin, used to rinse one’s hands and feet, suggests that Moab, in contrast to Israel’s elevated position (vv. 6–7), would be reduced to the status of a servant.}
I will make Edom serve me. ^{▼▼ Heb “over Edom I will throw my sandal.” The point of the metaphor is not entirely clear. Some interpret this as idiomatic for “taking possession of,” i.e., “I will take possession of Edom.” Others translate עַל (’al) as “to” and understand this as referring to a master throwing his dirty sandal to a servant so that the latter might dust it off.}
I will shout in triumph over Philistia.” ^{▼▼ Heb “over me, O Philistia, shout in triumph.” The translation follows the text of Ps 108:9. When the initial עֲלֵיוֹ (’aleyo, “over”) was misread as עָלַי (’alay, “over me”), the first person verb form was probably altered to an imperative to provide better sense to the line.}
9 Who will lead me into the fortified city?
Who will bring me to Edom? ^{▼▼ In v. 9 the psalmist speaks again and acknowledges his need for help in battle. He hopes God will volunteer, based on the affirmation of sovereignty over Edom in v. 8, but he is also aware that God has seemingly rejected the nation (v. 10, see also v. 1).}
10 Have you not rejected us, O God?
O God, you do not go into battle with our armies.
11 Give us help against the enemy,
for any help men might offer is futile. ^{▼▼ Heb “and futile [is] the deliverance of man.”}
By God’s power we will conquer; ^{▼▼ Heb “in God we will accomplish strength.” The statement refers here to military success (see Num 24:18; 1 Sam 14:48; Pss 108:13; 118:15–16).}
he will trample down ^{▼▼ Trample down. On this expression see Ps 44:5.} our enemies.

Psalm 61

^{▼▼ Psalm 61. The psalmist cries out for help and expresses his confidence that God will protect him.}