Rev 18:13 | NETfull | STEP | cinnamon, spice, incense, perfumed ointment, frankincense, wine, olive oil and costly flour, wheat, cattle and sheep, horses and four-wheeled carriages, slaves and human lives.

Revelation of John 18:13

13 cinnamon, spice, ^{▼▼ On the term ἄμωμον (amōmon) L&N 5.23 states, “a generic term for any kind of spice, though often a specific reference to amomum, an Indian type of spice - ‘spice, amomum.’ κιννάμωμον καὶ ἄμωμον καὶ θυμιάματα ‘cinnamon and spice and incense’ Re 18:13. In most translations ἄμωμον is interpreted as spice in general.”} incense, perfumed ointment, ^{▼▼ Or “myrrh,” a strong aromatic ointment often used to prepare a body for burial (L&N 6.205).} frankincense, ^{▼▼ The Greek term λίβανος (libanos) refers to the aromatic resin of a certain type of tree (L&N 6.212).} wine, olive oil and costly flour, ^{▼▼ On σεμίδαλις (semidalis) L&N 5.10 states, “a fine grade of wheat flour - ‘fine flour.’ οἶνον καὶ ἔλαιον καὶ σεμίδαλιν καὶ σῖτον ‘wine and oil and fine flour and wheat’ Re 18:13. In some languages ‘fine flour’ may be best expressed as ‘expensive flour.’ Such a rendering fits well the context of Re 18:13.”} wheat, cattle and sheep, horses and four-wheeled carriages, ^{▼▼ Or “and wagons.” On the term ῥέδη (rhedē) see L&N 6.53: “a four-wheeled carriage or wagon used for travel or the transportation of loads - ‘carriage, wagon.’ The term ῥέδη occurs only in Re 18:13 in a list of products bought and sold by merchants.”} slaves and human lives. ^{▼▼ Grk “and bodies and souls of men.” This could be understood (1) as a hendiadys (two things mentioned = one thing meant), referring only to slave trade; (2) it could be referring to two somewhat different concepts: slavery (bodies) and the cheapness of human life - some of the items earlier in the list of merchandise were to be obtained only at great cost of human life; or (3) a somewhat related idea, that the trade is in not just physical bodies (slavery) but human souls (people whose lives are destroyed through this trade).}