Act 22:1-16 | KingComments | STEP | Paul addresses his audience with “brethren and fathers”. The form of address “brethren” indicates his connection with them, while by addressing them as “fathers” (of the people) he expresses his respect for them. He asks them to hear his defense toward them. It was already dead quiet on the square, but it becomes even more quiet when they hear how he speaks to them in their own language. He places himself as close to them as possible. Paul’s defense consists of telling them about his conversion. He tells his story here to the Jewish crowd. In Acts 26 he will tell his conversion history once more, there to King Agrippa and his entourage, in front of an audience that consists of people of standing. In Acts 9 we have already read that history, but then as it was given to Luke by the Holy Spirit to write down. His accountability to the Jews here is to indicate that he is a faithful Jew and not an apostate. He also makes it clear that wherever he makes followers of the Messiah, he does so without obliging them to keep the law. He declares that he does not do this of his own accord, but because he has received a calling to do so from above, from heaven. He repeats for the people what he also said to the commander concerning his origin. He is a Jewish man, therefore one of them. He was born in Tarsus in Cilicia, today’s Turkey, where a large Jewish community existed. Stephen argued in Jerusalem with Jews from Cilicia ( ), but those men could not resist Stephen’s spirit and wisdom. Now there is also a Jew from Cilicia here, but a very different one from the Jew who agreed with Stephen’s death at the time. How that change came about, he will tell in a moment. First he takes his audience with him on his life journey, showing how much he and they have in common. He tells them that he moved from Tarsus to “this city”, Jerusalem, to be brought up here. Paul grew up in Tarsus in the midst of paganism. In Jerusalem he became deeply rooted in the ancestral law to which he completely submitted himself in all his behavior. He sat at the feet of the generally respected Gamaliel and received education from him. According to tradition Gamaliel had five hundred pupils, among whom Paul excelled above all others ( ). All traditions related to the law he absorbed and have shaped him. Everything he learned he put into practice with unprecedented zeal, as they still do. As for himself, he speaks in the past tense, as for them, in the present tense. His former life’s walk is entirely in keeping with their conceptions. He gives them the compliment that they are zealous for God. In the letter to the Romans, he says it is a zeal not in accordance with knowledge ( ). He tells how, in blind zeal for the maintenance of the ancestral law, he fought against everything that pushed aside the importance of that law. That is why the Christians had to pay for it. This new “Way”, this new sect or movement in Judaism, as Christendom was seen in the early days, was in his eyes an enormous threat to the religion of the fathers. Anyone who chose this Way deserved to be killed. To this end, without making any distinction between men and women, he handed those who belonged to this Way over to chains and in prisons. In his passion he even travelled to Damascus to bring disciples to Jerusalem. Once he had captivated them, he did everything he could to prevent them from escaping him. That is why he chained them and carried them captivated to Jerusalem. The testimonies concerning the truth of his conduct can be obtained from the high priest and all the Council of the elders. They know about this because they have provided him with letters to do his ‘work’.

‏ Acts 22:1-16

Origin and Former Life Walk

Paul addresses his audience with “brethren and fathers”. The form of address “brethren” indicates his connection with them, while by addressing them as “fathers” (of the people) he expresses his respect for them. He asks them to hear his defense toward them.

It was already dead quiet on the square, but it becomes even more quiet when they hear how he speaks to them in their own language. He places himself as close to them as possible. Paul’s defense consists of telling them about his conversion. He tells his story here to the Jewish crowd. In Acts 26 he will tell his conversion history once more, there to King Agrippa and his entourage, in front of an audience that consists of people of standing. In Acts 9 we have already read that history, but then as it was given to Luke by the Holy Spirit to write down.

His accountability to the Jews here is to indicate that he is a faithful Jew and not an apostate. He also makes it clear that wherever he makes followers of the Messiah, he does so without obliging them to keep the law. He declares that he does not do this of his own accord, but because he has received a calling to do so from above, from heaven.

He repeats for the people what he also said to the commander concerning his origin. He is a Jewish man, therefore one of them. He was born in Tarsus in Cilicia, today’s Turkey, where a large Jewish community existed. Stephen argued in Jerusalem with Jews from Cilicia (Acts 6:9), but those men could not resist Stephen’s spirit and wisdom. Now there is also a Jew from Cilicia here, but a very different one from the Jew who agreed with Stephen’s death at the time. How that change came about, he will tell in a moment.

First he takes his audience with him on his life journey, showing how much he and they have in common. He tells them that he moved from Tarsus to “this city”, Jerusalem, to be brought up here. Paul grew up in Tarsus in the midst of paganism. In Jerusalem he became deeply rooted in the ancestral law to which he completely submitted himself in all his behavior.

He sat at the feet of the generally respected Gamaliel and received education from him. According to tradition Gamaliel had five hundred pupils, among whom Paul excelled above all others (Gal 1:13-14). All traditions related to the law he absorbed and have shaped him. Everything he learned he put into practice with unprecedented zeal, as they still do. As for himself, he speaks in the past tense, as for them, in the present tense.

His former life’s walk is entirely in keeping with their conceptions. He gives them the compliment that they are zealous for God. In the letter to the Romans, he says it is a zeal not in accordance with knowledge (Rom 10:2). He tells how, in blind zeal for the maintenance of the ancestral law, he fought against everything that pushed aside the importance of that law. That is why the Christians had to pay for it.

This new “Way”, this new sect or movement in Judaism, as Christendom was seen in the early days, was in his eyes an enormous threat to the religion of the fathers. Anyone who chose this Way deserved to be killed. To this end, without making any distinction between men and women, he handed those who belonged to this Way over to chains and in prisons.

In his passion he even travelled to Damascus to bring disciples to Jerusalem. Once he had captivated them, he did everything he could to prevent them from escaping him. That is why he chained them and carried them captivated to Jerusalem. The testimonies concerning the truth of his conduct can be obtained from the high priest and all the Council of the elders. They know about this because they have provided him with letters to do his ‘work’.

Paul Meets the Glorified Lord

Here Paul comes to an important point in his defense. His zeal in the persecution of Christians takes a radical turn here. He is going to tell how that change has happened. When he traveled to Damascus and almost arrived there, an unexpected and sudden event took place. He remembers that it was around noon – we don’t read that in Acts 9 – that is, when the sun is highest in the sky and shines brightest. If at that time a light is seen that is even brighter than the sun, it must come from heaven (2Cor 4:5-6). It is light that comes from the presence of God, a light that transcends the light of the sun, of creation. The result was that he fell to the ground. Paul is not ashamed to tell that.

He goes on to tell his audience that he heard a voice saying to him: “Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me?” To persecute the believers meant to persecute Him Who spoke to him from heaven; such unity is He with His own on earth. He also remembers what he answered to that question. These were the first words from Saul to the Lord. His answer consisted of the question to the Lord: “Who are You, Lord?” This is the question with which everyone who comes to faith must begin. It is the question about the Person of the Lord Jesus. It is about getting to know Him.

The answer to his question must have been staggering. He appeared to be dealing with “Jesus the Nazarene”! He persecuted Him! So he did not persecute deceived Christians who had to be rid of delusions in any way, but a truly living Jesus. Jesus, Whom he persecuted, was no longer in death, but glorified in heaven. This should made the Jews he was addressing think, because they still believed the lie that the soldiers had spread after bribery by the religious leaders (Mt 28:11-15).

The Lord Jesus calls Himself ‘the Nazarene’, i.e. the One from Nazareth. This is how the Jews had known Him when He was on earth and this is how they had despised Him. To Saul’s dismay He appeared to be the glorified Christ.

Saul’s fellow travelers were the undeniable witnesses of what was happening, but the message was meant only for Paul. They did not hear “the voice”, but a sound of a voice (Acts 9:7; cf. Jn 12:28-29). They heard that something was said, but not what was said. So many today hear the sound of the gospel without understanding the message.

Then Saul spoke to the Lord for the second time, again in the form of a question. The second question he asked the Lord was: “What shall I do, Lord?” This question must be asked by every believer as a principle of his whole life. To answer the question ‘Who are you, Lord?’ it is necessary to sit at the Lord’s feet to feed on Him and get to know Him (cf. Lk 10:39). Next comes the question of being busy for the Lord, being active for Him. The Christian life is a balanced relationship between education and practice.

To Saul it meant that he had to go to Damascus, where the Lord had prepared a simple disciple to give him further instructions. He did not have to go back to Jerusalem to be directed by the apostles. Saul no longer determined his life, but God determined about him what he had to do. That is also the case with us. What matters is that we walk in the good works, which God prepared beforehand (Eph 2:10).

Paul in Damascus With Ananias

The glory of the light was so great that he was blinded by it. He was converted and yet still in darkness. He still had to hear the saving word. Therefore he was taken by the hand of those who were with him. This is how he came to Damascus. That was a different entry than he had imagined. He also describes this scene without being ashamed of it. He, the great persecutor of Christians, who thought he had or would have everything under control, completely lost his orientation. He must be taken by the hand to be taken where he needed to go, to meet someone for whom he had come to Damascus to handcuff him.

This man was named “Ananias”, which means “Yahweh is merciful”. He was a devout man by the standard of the Law, so Paul tells his audience. And that was not just a testimony he gave of himself, but all the Jews in Damascus knew him that way. They all gave a good testimony of him. That should convince his audience that what Ananias did to him was entirely within the framework of their thinking. Paul always points to the connection with Judaism, not only before his conversion but also during and after.

This Ananias came to Saul and stood near him. It was the Jew Ananias who was at Saul’s side, as it were, to assure him of his support. Ananias underscores this by the words “brother Saul”. He accepts him as a brother, as a member of the family. On these words Ananias lets follow the delivering words: “Receive your sight!” Saul received it immediately. He got his eyesight back and could see Ananias. He looked up to him. This also means that he gave Ananias a higher place than himself. Saul first saw the Lord and now he saw a brother. That always goes together. It is not possible to see the Lord and not have an eye for our brothers and sisters.

Then Paul tells what message Ananias had for him on behalf of God. Ananias called God “the God of our fathers”. By mentioning this he again connects himself in his history with his Jewish listeners. He also says it to make it clear to the Jews that they are dealing with God and that opposition to him, Paul, means opposition to the God in Whom they say they believe.

Paul had seen “the Righteous One” on the road to Damascus. This beautiful name for the Lord Jesus aptly describes His whole revelation on earth. On earth He was the Man Who was perfectly righteous in all relations and gave to everyone what was rightfully his due. That also included His relationship with God. Paul saw Him as the Righteous One in heaven, because what He was on earth, He is also in heaven. God had predestined him to be a witness of that Righteous One to all men.

In this word “all men” it is already implied that Paul would be a witness not only for the Jews, but also for all non-Jews. He had a calling for the whole world. At the beginning of Acts, the twelve apostles always testified of a resurrected Lord. They had Him in their midst for forty days as the risen Lord and so they could bear witness to that. Paul would testify of a glorified Lord, the glorified Man at God’s right hand. He had seen Him in glory (1Cor 9:1) and heard His voice from the glory. Paul’s testimony therefore has a unique character.

After these words Ananias urged him to activity. He had to get up and be baptized. Saul stood inwardly, in his heart, on the side of the Lord Jesus, but outwardly he was still on the side of the people who had rejected Him. He still had to be saved from the perverse generation outwardly (Acts 2:40-41). Through baptism he was not born again. He had already been born again. Therefore, the washing away of sins has not to do with his salvation for heaven, but with the outward testimony that is connected with baptism. Baptism does not bring in heaven, but adds to the company of disciples on earth. Baptism washes away sins before the eyes of men, blood washes away sins before God.

Through baptism there is a separation between the former existence in Judaism and belonging to Christendom. Everything that is connected with baptism only has to do with the outward side of conversion. What happened in Saul’s heart regarding the relationship between him and God, only God and Saul know. Baptism had to take place in order to make this visible to the people, to show it to the outside world as well. In this way he would separate himself from Judaism outwardly. While being baptized, he had to call on the Name of the Lord Jesus. Calling on that Name is giving testimony of His Name as the only Name he addresses and to Whom he submits.