1Ti 3:1-5 | TNotes | STEP | Summary for 1Tim 3:1-13: 3:1-13 The topic shifts to church leadership by elders (3:1-7 ) and deacons (3:8-13 ). Timothy’s role in the appointments is less clear than that of Titus (see 5:17-22 ; Titus 1:5 ), possibly because the church in Ephesus was more mature and thus better able to manage the process (cp. Acts 6:2-6 ). The criteria listed here pertain to character rather than function and are partly a response to the local heretics. Reading this letter in the churches would make the criteria public and demonstrate the unfitness of the heretics for leadership. 3:1 trustworthy saying: See study note on 1:15. • a church leader: The translation assumes that “overseer” and “church leader” (see study note on 5:17-18) are the same office (see Titus 1:5-7 ). In the Greco-Roman world, an overseer was a religious, civic, or military supervisor.

Summary for 1Tim 3:1-13: 3:1-13 ^a The topic shifts to church leadership by elders (3:1-7 ^b) and deacons (3:8-13 ^c). Timothy’s role in the appointments is less clear than that of Titus (see 5:17-22 ^d; Titus 1:5 ^e), possibly because the church in Ephesus was more mature and thus better able to manage the process (cp. Acts 6:2-6 ^f). The criteria listed here pertain to character rather than function and are partly a response to the local heretics. Reading this letter in the churches would make the criteria public and demonstrate the unfitness of the heretics for leadership. 3:1 ^g trustworthy saying: See study note on 1:15.

• a church leader: The translation assumes that “overseer” and “church leader” (see study note on 5:17-18) are the same office (see Titus 1:5-7 ^h). In the Greco-Roman world, an overseer was a religious, civic, or military supervisor.
3:2 ⁱ whose life is above reproach: This is the most general prerequisite for a community leader and public representative (see 3:7 ^j, 10 ^k; 5:7 ^l; 6:14 ^m; Titus 1:6-7 ⁿ; 2:8 ^o).

• must be faithful to his wife (or must have only one wife, or must be married only once; literally must be the husband of one wife; also in 1 Tim 3:12 ^p): This assumes but does not require a married male. It mainly addresses purity and faithfulness in the marriage relationship, something that could not be taken for granted in the surrounding culture; it probably does not prohibit remarriage after the death of a spouse (see 5:9 ^q), nor does it address the issue of polygamy. See also 3:12 ^r; Titus 1:6 ^s; cp. 1 Tim 5:9 ^t.

• enjoy having guests in his home (literally be hospitable): Hospitality was an important duty and a respected virtue in the ancient world. Any traveling Christian would seek out and probably stay with fellow believers (see 2 Jn 1:10-11 ^u; 3 John ^v). In addition, first-century churches often met in private homes (see Col 4:15 ^w; Phlm 1:2 ^x).
Summary for 1Tim 3:4-5: 3:4-5 ^y The church as a household (3:15 ^z) overlapped with the family household. An overseer’s capacity to manage in one sphere reflected his capability in the other (see also 3:12 ^aa; 5:17 ^ab; Rom 12:8 ^ac; 1 Thes 5:12 ^ad).

• The Greco-Roman household was united by familial bonds characterized by mutual responsibilities, roles, and stewardship. The household included the blood relatives living together along with other dependents, such as household servants.