Revelation of John 2:12-17
Summary for Rev 2:12-17: 2:12-17 a The letter to the church in Pergamum portrays Christians who are tempted to compromise their morality and their loyalty to God. The city of Pergamum was the earliest capital of the Roman province of Asia. It contained a famous library, and its citizens developed the use of animal skins as writing materials. 2:12 b Christ’s sharp two-edged sword indicates that these Christians would receive the Lord’s most severe judgment (see 2:16 c; see study note on 1:16). The two-edged sword was the Roman symbol of authority, which typified Pergamum as capital of the province. If the church failed, the true governor of the city (Christ) would turn his authority against them.2:13 d The throne of Satan might refer to the altar of Zeus on the mountain above the city or to emperor worship at the temple of Augustus. For many years, the Roman proconsul had his throne there, and the great temple of Athena and other shrines were also located in Pergamum. Its description as Satan’s city might also refer to the temple of Asclepius, whose symbol was coiled snakes. The city was dedicated to the Roman pantheon and emperor worship.
• Antipas is otherwise unknown.
Summary for Rev 2:14-15: 2:14-15 e Some in Pergamum were syncretists, combining Christianity with paganism and engaging in immoral activities. John compares them to Balaam, who lured Israel into sin (see Num 25:1-3 f; 2 Pet 2:15 g; Jude 1:11 h).
• Nicolaitans: see study note on Rev 2:6.
2:17 i Those who remain faithful to Christ will receive manna, nourishment from heaven (see Exod 16:11-36 j).
• hidden away in heaven: During the Exodus, a jar of manna was placed in the Ark of the Covenant (Exod 16:33-36 k). Jewish tradition said that at the coming of the Messiah, the Ark would reappear and manna would be eaten at the messianic banquet. Jesus is the bread from heaven and the bread of life (John 6:32-35 l; cp. Exod 16:4-21 m).
• A white stone was often given to victors in athletic competitions, and it was common for special banquets or festivities to use a white stone for admission. It therefore suggests acceptance and victory.
• The new name probably refers to the recipient’s transformed nature in Christ (see Gen 17:5 n; 32:28 o; John 1:42 p).
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