1Cor 1-4 | TNotes | STEP | Book of 1 Corinthians — Quick facts: Purpose: To clarify some questions the Corinthian church had raised and to address a series of specific problems that had arisen in the church there Author: Paul Date: AD 53–56 Setting: Written from Ephesus during Paul’s third missionary journey, in response to reports and questions he had received from the church in Corinth (see 1 Cor 1:11 ; 5:1 ; 7:1 ; 8:1 ; 12:1 ; 16:1 ) Book of 1 Corinthians — Overview: Setting Corinth’s widespread reputation as an important city full of vice was linked to its geography. The city was strategically located on the narrow four- to five-mile-wide isthmus separating mainland Greece from the Peloponnesus (the large southern peninsula). It profited from travelers passing north and south along the main overland route and from those sailing east and west between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. To avoid the stormy hazards of the Mediterranean Sea, especially in wintertime, the owners of small commercial boats sailing between Italy and the eastern Mediterranean often had their boats dragged over the isthmus from one gulf to the other and spent a night or two in Corinth on the way. As a result, Corinth gained the notoriety of a port city and was widely known for prostitution and other vices. There was even a verb in Greek ( korinthiazomai , “to act like a Corinthian”) that referred to sexual immorality. It’s not surprising that some of these problems made their way into the young church (see Paul’s strong words about sexual immorality in 5:1-13 ; 6:12-20 ). Old Corinth was conquered and destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC . It was rebuilt a century later as a Roman colony and populated in large part by former Roman slaves. By the time of Paul’s visit, it was a cosmopolitan city, with Romans, Greeks, Jews, and other ethnic groups from all over the Mediterranean, as well as international visitors passing through the city. As a result, the members of the young church were multiethnic, which was likely a factor in the tensions it experienced (see Paul’s rebuke of their cliquishness in 1:10-12 ; 3:1-4 ). Paul first arrived in the city during his second missionary trip (around AD 50), after his work in the northern province of Macedonia and in Athens. Realizing that the city was strategic to his evangelistic efforts, he stayed in Corinth for eighteen months ( AD 50–52; see Acts 18:1-17 ). When the Jews took him to court for breaking the law, the governor Gallio threw the case out because it was a religious dispute. Given the freedom to evangelize, Paul made a number of converts and began a church there before he left. Over the next five years, Paul corresponded with the Corinthians several times on difficult issues and even visited them personally to sort out some of their problems. The present letter, written during the period AD 53–56, was sent from Ephesus, in the province of Asia (western Turkey), where Paul spent two to three years on his third missionary journey. Summary Paul deals with a wide range of problems and questions facing the young church—some of which reflect the problems of the city itself—and he gives specific advice on dealing with them. Paul’s advice reflects the fundamental principles underlying his view of the Christian life, principles rooted in the Good News itself. Paul addressed the following issues: •Criticism of Paul’s non-intellectual approach to evangelism (1:1–4:21 ) •A flagrant case of sexual immorality in the church (5:1-13 ) •The practice of taking fellow believers to court before pagan judges (6:1-20 ) •Problems of sexual immorality (6:1-20 ) •Questions about marriage, divorce, and staying single (7:1-40 ) •The question of whether believers are allowed to eat meat sacrificed to pagan idols (8:1–10:33 ) •The question of appropriate dress for women who minister publicly (11:1-34 ) •Irreverent and disrespectful behavior in receiving the Lord’s Supper (11:1-34 ) •Distorted perspectives on spiritual gifts and their practice (12:1–14:40 ) •Skepticism about a future resurrection of the dead (15:1-58 ) Authorship Paul is widely accepted as the writer of 1 Corinthians. Some, however, question the authenticity of 14:34-35 (see study note there). In line with common practice of the ancient world, Paul used an amanuensis (secretary) to do the actual writing of the letter (see 16:21 ). Date and Occasion of Writing This letter to the Corinthian church was written on Paul’s third missionary journey, during his two- to three-year stay in Ephesus (around AD 53–56; see Acts 19:1-41 ). Paul had written a previous letter to the church in Corinth (see 1 Cor 5:9 ), and the Corinthians had replied, asking his advice on a number of points (see, e.g., 7:1 ). He had also received reports and visitors from Corinth (see 1:11 ; 16:15-17 ), making him aware of a number of problems facing the young church. This letter, full of advice on specific issues, is his response. It may have been delivered by Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus (see 16:15-17 ) when they returned to Corinth. Some problems apparently remained unresolved, resulting in a later personal visit to Corinth and a strongly worded letter that we do not have. Paul refers to these in the emotionally laden letter we know as 2 Corinthians, written from Macedonia shortly after he left Ephesus, in anticipation of yet another visit to the church (see 2 Cor 2:1-11 ; 7:8-10 ; 2 Corinthians Book Introduction, “Date and Occasion of Writing”). Meaning and Message In 1 Corinthians, we catch a fascinating glimpse of what life was like in the early church. We see some of the practical problems the early Christians faced as they lived in a pagan environment and how they dealt with them. Motivation for Christian Behavior. Paul deals with problems in the churches from a thoroughly Christian point of view, rooted in the Good News of God’s grace. In his thinking, Christian behavior is firmly grounded in Christian theology, in the message of Christ and the cross. The advice he gives on Christian living is not simply pragmatic, but solidly based on the relationship of believers to Christ. His own practical life has been revolutionized by his experience of God’s grace in Christ. So, for example, when Paul addresses issues of sexual morality (5:1–6:20 ), he reminds the church that believers have been made new by the sacrifice of Christ and that they should live accordingly. His appeal for faithfulness is not that they should keep the law of Moses, but that they should understand what it means to be united to Christ and to be the sanctuary of the Holy Spirit (6:15-20 ). When Paul discourages believers from taking one another to pagan law courts (6:1-8 ), he is in part concerned for the effect on their witness as Christians. He urges them to give up their rights out of love for others, as Christ did. The death of Christ has taught him that Christian love is sacrificial. When Paul gives advice on marriage (7:1-40 ), he encourages those who are unmarried in that context to remain single so they can give themselves more fully to Christ’s service. Christians are claimed by Christ and can no longer live only for themselves. When he addresses the freedom of believers to eat meat sacrificed to pagan idols (8:1-13 ; 10:1–11:1 ), he avoids formulating rules, asserting their liberty in Christ to eat anything. He emphasizes, however, that the effect of one’s actions on others is always more important than one’s own rights, so believers should readily abstain from actions that would be detrimental to others. Like Christ, they are to be governed by sacrificial love in all their relationships. In Paul’s thinking, Christian behavior is a response of gratitude to the mercy and grace of God, shown in Christ and expressed in the Good News. The whole of the believer’s life is to express devotion to God and love for others (see 10:31-33 ). This is Paul’s equivalent to Jesus’ two great love commands (Matt 22:36-40 ; Luke 10:25-37 ). In this letter, we see more clearly than elsewhere how Paul applies these enduring principles to a wide range of practical problems. Paul’s Understanding of Evangelism. When Paul is criticized for his rather unpolished, non-intellectual approach to evangelism (1 Cor 1:1–4:21 ), he emphasizes that only God can change a person’s heart. The real power does not lie in the persuasive powers of human intellect and rhetoric, but in the message of God’s grace and in the power of God’s Spirit to renew and transform. Conversion is not a matter of one person changing another person’s mind, but of God changing a person’s heart. Unity and Love in the Church. Unity among believers is an important theme throughout this letter, as a number of the issues Paul deals with have apparently divided the church (see 1:10–4:21 , cliques in the church; 6:1-12 , lawsuits against fellow Christians; 8:1–11:1 , different opinions on food sacrificed to idols; 11:2-16 , different opinions on appropriate dress for women ministering publicly; 11:17-34 , problems in taking the Lord’s Supper). Bound together as fellow members of Christ’s body by a common commitment to Christ as Lord and by the shared experience of God’s Spirit, believers are to live together in unity. This letter, which includes Paul’s classic chapter on Christian love (ch 13 ), highlights the importance of relating to other believers in sacrificial love, the kind of love shown by Christ himself. Marriage, Divorce, and the Single Life. Paul has a high view of marriage and strongly opposes divorce. In light of the difficult environment for Christians in the first century and his view of the imminent return of Christ (see 7:25-31 ), Paul encourages those who are single to remain so, seeing singleness as an opportunity to give full devotion to Christ’s work in the world (see 7:32-35 ). The two ways of living (married and celibate) are not ends in themselves, but alternate ways of participating in the more important purpose of serving Christ. The Lord’s Supper. This letter sheds significant light on early Christian understanding and practice of the Lord’s Supper, offering the only extended treatment in the New Testament (chs 10–11 ). The Church As a Body. Paul understands the church as a dynamic, Spirit-led body made up of different parts, each with its own unique work to do (chs 12 , 14 ). In these early days of the Christian movement, there is no distinction between clergy and laity, but the different roles create a complementary ministry of the Spirit’s gifts when Christians gather. Each person has a part to play in building up the body, and individuals are dependent on the Spirit to empower and guide them in their ministries. The Resurrection. Among the New Testament writings, this letter gives us the most complete discussion of resurrection (ch 15 ), including the fullest account of those who saw the resurrected Jesus, the rationale for a future resurrection, and the nature of resurrection bodies. Summary for 1Cor 1:1-3: 1:1-3 Paul commonly begins his letters with a few words about himself, followed by greetings and an invocation of grace and peace. In this, he follows the normal pattern of ancient Greek letters but expands it with Christian meaning. 1:1 An apostle of Christ Jesus was a missionary evangelist commissioned by Christ himself. • Sosthenes , Paul’s co-worker, might be the same person as in Acts 18:17 .

Book of 1 Corinthians — Quick facts:

Purpose: To clarify some questions the Corinthian church had raised and to address a series of specific problems that had arisen in the church there

Author: Paul

Date: AD 53–56

Setting: Written from Ephesus during Paul’s third missionary journey, in response to reports and questions he had received from the church in Corinth (see 1 Cor 1:11 ^a; 5:1 ^b; 7:1 ^c; 8:1 ^d; 12:1 ^e; 16:1 ^f)

Book of 1 Corinthians — Overview:

Setting
Corinth’s widespread reputation as an important city full of vice was linked to its geography. The city was strategically located on the narrow four- to five-mile-wide isthmus separating mainland Greece from the Peloponnesus (the large southern peninsula). It profited from travelers passing north and south along the main overland route and from those sailing east and west between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. To avoid the stormy hazards of the Mediterranean Sea, especially in wintertime, the owners of small commercial boats sailing between Italy and the eastern Mediterranean often had their boats dragged over the isthmus from one gulf to the other and spent a night or two in Corinth on the way. As a result, Corinth gained the notoriety of a port city and was widely known for prostitution and other vices. There was even a verb in Greek (korinthiazomai, “to act like a Corinthian”) that referred to sexual immorality. It’s not surprising that some of these problems made their way into the young church (see Paul’s strong words about sexual immorality in 5:1-13 ^g; 6:12-20 ^h).
Old Corinth was conquered and destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC. It was rebuilt a century later as a Roman colony and populated in large part by former Roman slaves. By the time of Paul’s visit, it was a cosmopolitan city, with Romans, Greeks, Jews, and other ethnic groups from all over the Mediterranean, as well as international visitors passing through the city. As a result, the members of the young church were multiethnic, which was likely a factor in the tensions it experienced (see Paul’s rebuke of their cliquishness in 1:10-12 ⁱ; 3:1-4 ^j).
Paul first arrived in the city during his second missionary trip (around AD 50), after his work in the northern province of Macedonia and in Athens. Realizing that the city was strategic to his evangelistic efforts, he stayed in Corinth for eighteen months (AD 50–52; see Acts 18:1-17 ^k). When the Jews took him to court for breaking the law, the governor Gallio threw the case out because it was a religious dispute. Given the freedom to evangelize, Paul made a number of converts and began a church there before he left.
Over the next five years, Paul corresponded with the Corinthians several times on difficult issues and even visited them personally to sort out some of their problems. The present letter, written during the period AD 53–56, was sent from Ephesus, in the province of Asia (western Turkey), where Paul spent two to three years on his third missionary journey.

Summary
Paul deals with a wide range of problems and questions facing the young church—some of which reflect the problems of the city itself—and he gives specific advice on dealing with them. Paul’s advice reflects the fundamental principles underlying his view of the Christian life, principles rooted in the Good News itself. Paul addressed the following issues:
•Criticism of Paul’s non-intellectual approach to evangelism (1:1–4:21 ^l)
•A flagrant case of sexual immorality in the church (5:1-13 ^m)
•The practice of taking fellow believers to court before pagan judges (6:1-20 ⁿ)
•Problems of sexual immorality (6:1-20 ^o)
•Questions about marriage, divorce, and staying single (7:1-40 ^p)
•The question of whether believers are allowed to eat meat sacrificed to pagan idols (8:1–10:33 ^q)
•The question of appropriate dress for women who minister publicly (11:1-34 ^r)
•Irreverent and disrespectful behavior in receiving the Lord’s Supper (11:1-34 ^s)
•Distorted perspectives on spiritual gifts and their practice (12:1–14:40 ^t)
•Skepticism about a future resurrection of the dead (15:1-58 ^u)

Authorship
Paul is widely accepted as the writer of 1 Corinthians. Some, however, question the authenticity of 14:34-35 ^v (see study note there). In line with common practice of the ancient world, Paul used an amanuensis (secretary) to do the actual writing of the letter (see 16:21 ^w).

Date and Occasion of Writing
This letter to the Corinthian church was written on Paul’s third missionary journey, during his two- to three-year stay in Ephesus (around AD 53–56; see Acts 19:1-41 ^x). Paul had written a previous letter to the church in Corinth (see 1 Cor 5:9 ^y), and the Corinthians had replied, asking his advice on a number of points (see, e.g., 7:1 ^z). He had also received reports and visitors from Corinth (see 1:11 ^aa; 16:15-17 ^ab), making him aware of a number of problems facing the young church. This letter, full of advice on specific issues, is his response. It may have been delivered by Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus (see 16:15-17 ^ac) when they returned to Corinth.
Some problems apparently remained unresolved, resulting in a later personal visit to Corinth and a strongly worded letter that we do not have. Paul refers to these in the emotionally laden letter we know as 2 Corinthians, written from Macedonia shortly after he left Ephesus, in anticipation of yet another visit to the church (see 2 Cor 2:1-11 ^ad; 7:8-10 ^ae; 2 Corinthians Book Introduction, “Date and Occasion of Writing”).

Meaning and Message
In 1 Corinthians, we catch a fascinating glimpse of what life was like in the early church. We see some of the practical problems the early Christians faced as they lived in a pagan environment and how they dealt with them.
Motivation for Christian Behavior. Paul deals with problems in the churches from a thoroughly Christian point of view, rooted in the Good News of God’s grace. In his thinking, Christian behavior is firmly grounded in Christian theology, in the message of Christ and the cross. The advice he gives on Christian living is not simply pragmatic, but solidly based on the relationship of believers to Christ. His own practical life has been revolutionized by his experience of God’s grace in Christ.
So, for example, when Paul addresses issues of sexual morality (5:1–6:20 ^af), he reminds the church that believers have been made new by the sacrifice of Christ and that they should live accordingly. His appeal for faithfulness is not that they should keep the law of Moses, but that they should understand what it means to be united to Christ and to be the sanctuary of the Holy Spirit (6:15-20 ^ag).
When Paul discourages believers from taking one another to pagan law courts (6:1-8 ^ah), he is in part concerned for the effect on their witness as Christians. He urges them to give up their rights out of love for others, as Christ did. The death of Christ has taught him that Christian love is sacrificial.
When Paul gives advice on marriage (7:1-40 ^ai), he encourages those who are unmarried in that context to remain single so they can give themselves more fully to Christ’s service. Christians are claimed by Christ and can no longer live only for themselves.
When he addresses the freedom of believers to eat meat sacrificed to pagan idols (8:1-13 ^aj; 10:1–11:1 ^ak), he avoids formulating rules, asserting their liberty in Christ to eat anything. He emphasizes, however, that the effect of one’s actions on others is always more important than one’s own rights, so believers should readily abstain from actions that would be detrimental to others. Like Christ, they are to be governed by sacrificial love in all their relationships.
In Paul’s thinking, Christian behavior is a response of gratitude to the mercy and grace of God, shown in Christ and expressed in the Good News. The whole of the believer’s life is to express devotion to God and love for others (see 10:31-33 ^al). This is Paul’s equivalent to Jesus’ two great love commands (Matt 22:36-40 ^am; Luke 10:25-37 ^an). In this letter, we see more clearly than elsewhere how Paul applies these enduring principles to a wide range of practical problems.
Paul’s Understanding of Evangelism. When Paul is criticized for his rather unpolished, non-intellectual approach to evangelism (1 Cor 1:1–4:21 ^ao), he emphasizes that only God can change a person’s heart. The real power does not lie in the persuasive powers of human intellect and rhetoric, but in the message of God’s grace and in the power of God’s Spirit to renew and transform. Conversion is not a matter of one person changing another person’s mind, but of God changing a person’s heart.
Unity and Love in the Church. Unity among believers is an important theme throughout this letter, as a number of the issues Paul deals with have apparently divided the church (see 1:10–4:21 ^ap, cliques in the church; 6:1-12 ^aq, lawsuits against fellow Christians; 8:1–11:1 ^ar, different opinions on food sacrificed to idols; 11:2-16 ^as, different opinions on appropriate dress for women ministering publicly; 11:17-34 ^at, problems in taking the Lord’s Supper). Bound together as fellow members of Christ’s body by a common commitment to Christ as Lord and by the shared experience of God’s Spirit, believers are to live together in unity. This letter, which includes Paul’s classic chapter on Christian love (ch 13 ^au), highlights the importance of relating to other believers in sacrificial love, the kind of love shown by Christ himself.
Marriage, Divorce, and the Single Life. Paul has a high view of marriage and strongly opposes divorce. In light of the difficult environment for Christians in the first century and his view of the imminent return of Christ (see 7:25-31 ^av), Paul encourages those who are single to remain so, seeing singleness as an opportunity to give full devotion to Christ’s work in the world (see 7:32-35 ^aw). The two ways of living (married and celibate) are not ends in themselves, but alternate ways of participating in the more important purpose of serving Christ.
The Lord’s Supper. This letter sheds significant light on early Christian understanding and practice of the Lord’s Supper, offering the only extended treatment in the New Testament (chs 10–11 ^ax).
The Church As a Body. Paul understands the church as a dynamic, Spirit-led body made up of different parts, each with its own unique work to do (chs 12 ^ay, 14 ^az). In these early days of the Christian movement, there is no distinction between clergy and laity, but the different roles create a complementary ministry of the Spirit’s gifts when Christians gather. Each person has a part to play in building up the body, and individuals are dependent on the Spirit to empower and guide them in their ministries.
The Resurrection. Among the New Testament writings, this letter gives us the most complete discussion of resurrection (ch 15 ^ba), including the fullest account of those who saw the resurrected Jesus, the rationale for a future resurrection, and the nature of resurrection bodies.

Summary for 1Cor 1:1-3: 1:1-3 ^bb Paul commonly begins his letters with a few words about himself, followed by greetings and an invocation of grace and peace. In this, he follows the normal pattern of ancient Greek letters but expands it with Christian meaning. 1:1 ^bc An apostle of Christ Jesus was a missionary evangelist commissioned by Christ himself.

• Sosthenes, Paul’s co-worker, might be the same person as in Acts 18:17 ^bd.
1:2 ^be The church is comprised of those who are called by God to be his own holy people, those who belong to him and are dedicated to him. They have been made holy by means of Christ Jesus—God has set them apart for himself through the saving work of his Son and their faith relationship to him.
1:3 ^bf Grace and peace represent traditional Greek and Hebrew greetings. Grace is undeserved blessing that comes from the kindness of God. Peace is a sense of well-being and contentedness, rooted in the Good News and brought about by the Holy Spirit (see Gal 5:22 ^bg). Together, the phrase conveys things understood as gifts from God (see Rom 5:1-2 ^bh).
Summary for 1Cor 1:4-9: 1:4-9 ^bi Paul thanks God for the spiritual gifts he sees in the lives of the Corinthian Christians and expresses his confidence that God will keep them safe to the end. 1:4 ^bj now that you belong to Christ Jesus (literally in Christ Jesus): Paul frequently uses the phrase in Christ Jesus to refer to the saving relationship believers have with Christ (e.g., Rom 3:24 ^bk; Gal 2:4 ^bl; Eph 3:6 ^bm).
1:5 ^bn God had enriched the Corinthian church spiritually, specifically in eloquent words and knowledge. This probably refers to the spiritual messages and understanding (see 1:7 ^bo) on which the church prided itself. Word and knowledge occur frequently in this letter: Paul acknowledges the abundant spiritual gifts that God has given the church in Corinth. Later, he corrects their distorted perspectives on these gifts (see 1:18–2:5 ^bp; 3:18-20 ^bq; 12:1–14:40 ^br).
1:7 ^bs every spiritual gift: See 12:8-10 ^bt, 28 ^bu.
1:8 ^bv Even though believers are saved from eternal condemnation (see Rom 8:1 ^bw), they remain accountable to God for the way they live (see 1 Cor 3:12-15 ^bx; 4:4-5 ^by; 2 Cor 5:10 ^bz). Paul encourages his readers to live a holy life so that they will be found faultless when Christ returns (see Phil 1:6 ^ca, 10 ^cb; 1 Thes 3:13 ^cc; 5:23-24 ^cd).
1:9 ^ce God ... is faithful: See 10:13 ^cf; Deut 7:9 ^cg; 1 Thes 5:24 ^ch.

• he has invited you: God has chosen them and brought them into partnership with his Son (cp. Rom 8:28-39 ^ci).
Summary for 1Cor 1:10: 1:10–15:58 ^cj The body of the letter is devoted to Paul’s advice on specific problems and questions that had arisen in the Corinthian church.
Summary for 1Cor 1:10-17: 1:10-17 ^ck The Corinthian believers were arguing over which of the leading evangelists (Paul, Apollos, Peter) was best. Paul rebukes them for their quarreling and worldly comparisons. As a minister of Christ and the Good News, he and the others are all channels through whom God works (see 3:1–4:7 ^cl). 1:10 ^cm dear brothers and sisters: Literally brothers. This generic, traditional term of affection is used to address members of the same family, both male and female.

• I appeal to you: Paul motivates them by the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, not by his own authority.

• authority (literally name): In Jewish thought, a person’s name carried the weight of the person’s authority and reputation.

• Let there be no divisions: His desire was not simply that they avoid divisiveness, but that they be so filled with the Spirit of Christ that they would be of one mind, united in thought and purpose (cp. Phil 2:2 ^cn).
1:11 ^co Chloe was a Corinthian woman, not mentioned elsewhere in Scripture.
1:12 ^cp The Christians in Corinth had formed factions loyal to different Christian leaders, but the leaders themselves do not seem to have been in conflict. Paul, as the one who had first brought the Good News to Corinth, would receive the loyalty of some.

• Apollos, now with Paul (see 16:12 ^cq), was an eloquent Alexandrian Jew who had become a powerful Christian evangelist and had ministered in Corinth (see Acts 18:24–19:1 ^cr). He attracted followers because of his skillful oratory (perhaps in contrast to Paul) and his ability to interpret Scripture.

• Peter: Greek Cephas; see also Matt 16:18 ^cs; John 1:42 ^ct Peter was the primary early evangelist to the Jews. He represented a more traditional Jewish perspective and had a gift for speaking in front of crowds (see Acts 1:15-22 ^cu; 2:14-40 ^cv; 3:12-26 ^cw; 4:8-12 ^cx; 10:34-43 ^cy).

• I follow only Christ: This might refer to a group who disavowed allegiance to any human authority and viewed themselves as more holy than others.
1:13 ^cz Paul asks three rhetorical questions, all expecting the obvious answer, “no.” Christian devotion is to be given to Christ, not to his messengers.
1:14 ^da Crispus and Gaius were two of Paul’s earliest converts in Corinth. Crispus was a former leader of the synagogue in Corinth (see Acts 18:8 ^db), and Gaius later offered Paul the use of his home (see Rom 16:23 ^dc). This might identify him with Titius Justus, an earlier convert to Judaism who lived next door to the synagogue (see Acts 18:7 ^dd). His full Roman name would then be Gaius Titius Justus.
1:16 ^de The household of Stephanas were the first converts in the province of Achaia (southern Greece; see 16:15 ^df). Household refers to all who lived in the house, which might include more than Stephanas’s immediate family.
1:17 ^dg The important thing is not baptism, but the preaching of the Good News; baptism signifies people’s response to the message.

• clever speech: Eloquence, or an appeal to human wisdom.

• for fear that the cross of Christ would lose its power: Too much emphasis on eloquence and the persuasiveness of human reason can distract from the simple message that Christ died for people’s sins so that they could be forgiven (1 Cor 2:1-5 ^dh; 15:1-3 ^di).
Summary for 1Cor 1:18-31: 1:18-31 ^dj Paul contrasts eloquence and human wisdom, which were highly valued by some of the Corinthians, with the foolish message of the cross—the expression of God’s wisdom. The followers of Apollos, in particular (see 1:12 ^dk), were probably attracted by his rhetorical abilities and intellectual approach to ministry (see Acts 18:24-28 ^dl). In contrast, Paul emphasizes that the real power lies in the simple message of the cross of Christ. 1:18 ^dm The message that God is saving the world through a condemned criminal is foolish to unbelievers, for their eyes are blinded to the truth (2 Cor 4:4 ^dn). For believers, whose eyes have been opened by God, the message of the cross has the ring of truth to it, and they know its power to convict the human heart (see 1 Cor 1:23-24 ^do; Rom 1:16 ^dp). Unbelievers, still in their sin, are headed for destruction, for ultimate condemnation. Believers, whose sins have been forgiven, are being saved: They are on their way to eternal life and glory.
1:19 ^dq This quotation from Isa 29:14 ^dr shows God’s estimation of mere human wisdom.
1:20 ^ds In God’s eyes, the human wisdom of this world is foolish. Divine wisdom lies in the message of the cross and in Jesus Christ (see 1:24 ^dt, 30 ^du).
1:21 ^dv Human wisdom alone does not bring people to the true knowledge of God; that comes only through the message of the cross, which the world considers foolish, but which saves those who believe (cp. Matt 11:25 ^dw).
Summary for 1Cor 1:22-24: 1:22-24 ^dx Paul uses the words Greeks and Gentiles interchangeably to refer to non-Jews. 1:22 ^dy Unbelieving Jews wanted to see miraculous signs to validate the message (cp. Matt 12:38-39 ^dz; 16:1-4 ^ea; John 2:18 ^eb, 23 ^ec; 4:48 ^ed). Greeks, renowned for their schools of philosophy, were only interested in human wisdom—i.e., philosophical reasoning.
1:23 ^ee Regardless of what unbelieving Jews and Gentiles desired, Paul refused to give them anything but the simple message of the cross. To many Jews, the idea of a crucified Messiah was a contradiction in terms because crucifixion expressed not the power and blessing of God but his curse (see Gal 3:13 ^ef; cp. Deut 21:23 ^eg).
1:25 ^eh What the unbelieving world considers foolish and weak—Christ and the message of the cross—is in reality wiser and stronger than anything the world has to offer. It solves the world’s greatest problem, the problem of sin, and overcomes all the powers of evil that oppose human beings.
1:26 ^ei Socially and culturally, most Corinthian Christians were ordinary people; few were among the elite (cp. Matt 11:25 ^ej). Only a few Christians, such as Erastus, the city treasurer in Corinth (see Rom 16:23 ^ek), were wealthy (or high born; cp. Jas 2:5 ^el).
Summary for 1Cor 1:27-29: 1:27-29 ^em God chose despised and humble people in order to demonstrate his judgment on human pride (cp. Rom 3:27 ^en; 4:2 ^eo; 2 Cor 4:7-11 ^ep; 12:8-10 ^eq; Eph 2:9 ^er).
1:30 ^es When people are united ... with Christ Jesus, God makes them righteous, holy, and free (see 6:11 ^et; Rom 3:21-26 ^eu; 5:17-21 ^ev). This work of Christ is an expression of God’s wisdom.
1:31 ^ew This quotation is a paraphrase of Jer 9:24 ^ex (cp. 2 Cor 10:17 ^ey). Because salvation is a result of God’s sovereign power (1 Cor 2:5 ^ez) and his decision to save his people, there is absolutely no room for human pride (see 1:29 ^fa).

‏ 1 Corinthians 2

Summary for 1Cor 2:1-5: 2:1-5 ^fb God’s sovereign work made Paul’s preaching effective. In his evangelism, Paul did not rely on the persuasive power of his intellect or his dynamic personality, but on the power of the Holy Spirit (see also study note on 1:18-31). 2:1 ^fc When I first came to you: See Acts 18:1-17 ^fd. lofty words and impressive wisdom: Human wisdom and philosophy don’t bring people to Christ (see 1 Cor 1:17 ^fe, 21 ^ff; 2:2 ^fg). The message of the cross has its own power to convert the human heart (see 1:17 ^fh; Rom 1:16 ^fi; Gal 6:14 ^fj).

• God’s secret plan: See study note on 1 Cor 2:7.
Summary for 1Cor 2:3-4: 2:3-4 ^fk Human weakness is no barrier to God’s work (2 Cor 12:7-10 ^fl). The real power is not in charismatic preaching, finesse of presentation, or logical persuasiveness (cp. 2 Cor 10:10 ^fm), but in the message itself, centered on Christ and his death for our sins, and in the power of the Holy Spirit, who convicts the human heart.
Summary for 1Cor 2:6-16: 2:6-16 ^fn Paul emphasizes God’s wisdom in contrast to the world’s wisdom. Real wisdom is not mere human wisdom but the wisdom of the Spirit, expressed in the so-called “foolishness” of the Good News (see 1:20-25 ^fo). 2:6 ^fp Only the spiritually mature will recognize God’s wisdom; many of the Corinthians would have been unable to recognize it (see 3:1-3 ^fq).

• The rulers of this world (see also 2:8 ^fr) . . . are soon forgotten because Christ now rules—his enemies have been defeated by his death on the cross (see 15:24-25 ^fs; Col 2:15 ^ft).
2:7 ^fu In Paul’s writings, mystery often refers to a truth previously hidden but now revealed in the Good News of Christ and his saving work (see Rom 11:25-27 ^fv; 1 Tim 3:9 ^fw, 16 ^fx).

• before the world began: From the very beginning, it has been God’s desire to save his chosen people through Christ (see Rom 16:25-26 ^fy; Eph 1:9-12 ^fz; 3:3-12 ^ga; Col 1:25-27 ^gb) and to bring them to ultimate glory in the coming age (see Rom 5:2 ^gc; 8:18-21 ^gd, 29-30 ^ge; 1 Thes 2:12 ^gf).
2:8 ^gg The rulers of this world are probably political rulers rather than spiritual authorities (see also 15:24 ^gh; cp. Acts 3:14-15 ^gi; 4:10 ^gj; 5:29-32 ^gk).
2:9 ^gl This quotation (cp. Isa 64:4 ^gm) supports Paul’s point (1 Cor 2:8 ^gn): Those with no spiritual sensitivity do not understand God’s work of redemption.
Summary for 1Cor 2:10-12: 2:10-12 ^go it was to us: Those who believe in Christ and have thus received his Spirit (see 6:19 ^gp; 12:13 ^gq; Gal 3:2 ^gr; Eph 1:13 ^gs; Titus 3:5 ^gt) are contrasted with the rulers of this world (1 Cor 2:8 ^gu). God’s deep secrets are not understood through secular wisdom or philosophy, but through God’s own Spirit, who alone can reveal God’s thoughts to his people (see 1 Jn 2:20 ^gv, 27 ^gw; cp. Matt 11:25-27 ^gx). God has graciously given his Spirit to his people so they can know the wonderful things God has freely given them (cp. John 16:13-14 ^gy).
2:13 ^gz using the Spirit’s words to explain spiritual truths: Just as spiritual wisdom is different from human wisdom, so the way spiritual wisdom is taught must be different from the way human wisdom is taught. The communicating and learning of spiritual truth must be done in the dimension and power of the Spirit; it is not simply a rational, human exercise.
2:14 ^ha people who aren’t spiritual: Unbelievers, whose minds are blinded to the Spirit, function in the natural world and see life only through physical eyes (see 2 Cor 4:4 ^hb). They cannot appreciate the significance of the Good News, for it is essentially a spiritual message.
2:15 ^hc Those who are spiritual: People who have the Spirit have a true understanding of divine revelation.
2:16 ^hd This quotation from Isa 40:13 ^he shows how divine wisdom transcends the limitations of human reasoning (cp. Rom 11:34 ^hf).

• we have the mind of Christ: Linked to Christ, believers have the Spirit of Christ to reveal Christ’s thinking to them.

‏ 1 Corinthians 3

Summary for 1Cor 3:1-9: 3:1–4:7 ^hg Having contrasted human and spiritual wisdom, Paul now returns to the divisiveness in the Corinthian church (see 1:10-12 ^hh), particularly their misplaced devotion to himself and Apollos.
Summary for 1Cor 3:1-4: 3:1-4 ^hi Paul rebukes the Christians in Corinth for their spiritual immaturity. 3:1 ^hj The Corinthians’ behavior was not that of the spiritual people whom Paul described in 2:15 ^hk, but like that of unbelievers who are attracted to the wisdom and values of this world.

• infants in Christ: Though they were converted, their lives and thinking did not reflect maturity in Christ and the transforming perspective of his Spirit.
3:2 ^hl Because of the Corinthian Christians’ lack of spiritual maturity, Paul was unable to speak about the deeper truths of life in Christ, the solid food (see 2:6-7 ^hm) that is reserved for mature Christians. Instead, he had to restrict himself to milk, the basic teachings of the Good News (cp. Heb 5:12-14 ^hn; 6:1-3 ^ho; 1 Pet 2:2 ^hp).
3:3 ^hq Their jealousy and quarreling (see 1:10-12 ^hr) showed that they were still just like unbelievers, controlled by their sinful nature rather than by the Spirit of God (cp. 2 Cor 12:20 ^hs; Gal 5:19-21 ^ht).
3:4 ^hu Proudly identifying oneself with a preferred teacher (see 1:12 ^hv) was common in Greek culture, but it is not in keeping with the mind of Christ (3:5-9 ^hw; cp. Matt 23:8-10 ^hx).
Summary for 1Cor 3:5-9: 3:5-9 ^hy To identify oneself proudly as a follower of a human teacher is wrong because God does the real work of redemption, so he deserves the honor.

• We are only God’s servants: Cp. 2 Cor 4:5 ^hz.
3:6 ^ia I planted: See Acts 18:1-11 ^ib.

• Apollos watered: See Acts 18:27–19:1 ^ic.
Summary for 1Cor 3:10-17: 3:10-17 ^id All people are accountable to God for the way they serve Christ. 3:10 ^ie Paul laid the foundation when he first began the church in Corinth. Now others were building on it by what they were teaching the young Christians.
3:11 ^if There can never be any other foundation for the church than Jesus Christ himself (see Isa 28:16 ^ig; 1 Pet 2:4-8 ^ih; cp. Rom 9:33 ⁱⁱ), but the Corinthians were in danger of treating a human teacher as their foundation.
Summary for 1Cor 3:12-15: 3:12-15 ^ij Some of the things that people build on the foundation of Christ will endure; other things will burn up in the fire of judgment (cp. Mal 4:1 ^ik). On judgment day, the work of each builder who instructs the church will be assessed (cp. Jas 3:1 ^il; see also Rom 14:10-12 ^im; 2 Cor 5:10 ⁱⁿ). Those whose teachings are faithful and true will receive a reward; the others will suffer great loss, not of their salvation but of their reward. They themselves will be saved, but just barely, like someone pulled to safety through a wall of flames (cp. Amos 4:11 ^io; Zech 3:2 ^ip; Jude 1:23 ^iq).
Summary for 1Cor 3:16-17: 3:16-17 ^ir Christians must be very careful, both in what they teach and in how they relate to one another, because the body of believers is the temple of God, the home of the Spirit of God who lives in them (cp. Eph 2:21-22 ^is), and God’s temple is holy (see 1 Cor 1:2 ^it). There are terrible consequences for anyone who destroys God’s temple by such things as jealousy, argumentativeness, and divisiveness (see 3:3-4 ^iu).
Summary for 1Cor 3:18-20: 3:18-20 ^iv Here Paul returns to the contrast between human wisdom and divine wisdom (see 1:18-25 ^iw). Using Old Testament quotations, Paul encourages the Corinthians to be willing to appear foolish in the eyes of the world so that they may be truly wise in God’s eyes.
Summary for 1Cor 3:21-23: 3:21-23 ^ix As the privileged children of God, they may now lay claim to everything—the world, and life and death, and the present and the future (see Rom 8:38-39 ^iy). So there is no point in claiming a particular human leader as their own.
3:23 ^iz Just as they may now claim everything as their own, so Christ has claimed them for himself (see Rom 14:7-9 ^ja), and in Christ they are ultimately claimed by God (see 1 Cor 6:19-20 ^jb; 7:23 ^jc).

‏ 1 Corinthians 4

Summary for 1Cor 4:1-5: 4:1-5 ^jd Paul emphasizes his faithfulness and the genuineness of his motives as an apostle of Christ. But only God can judge the heart. 4:1 ^je Paul and Apollos should not be viewed as leaders competing for a following, but as mere servants of Christ who have been put in charge of explaining God’s mysteries. They were stewards entrusted with administration of the master’s business (as in Luke 12:42 ^jf); their whole life was devoted to their master’s concerns, not to their own.

• God’s mysteries: See study note on 1 Cor 2:7.
Summary for 1Cor 4:3-4: 4:3-4 ^jg Paul’s deepest desire was that he be found faithful before God. Human assessments of him—by himself or others—didn’t matter.
4:5 ^jh don’t make judgments about anyone: Only the Lord can fully know a person’s heart, and when he returns, he will judge. Paul took God’s judgment of his ministry very seriously (see 2 Cor 5:9-10 ^ji; Phil 2:16 ^jj; 1 Thes 2:19-20 ^jk; cp. 2 Cor 1:14 ^jl).
Summary for 1Cor 4:6-21: 4:6-21 ^jm Paul again rebukes the Corinthian Christians for their arrogance (4:6-13 ^jn) and then admonishes them as a father (4:14-21 ^jo).
4:7 ^jp Pride in a particular leader results from failure to realize that everything is a gift from God. There is no room for pride; humble gratitude is the only appropriate attitude.
Summary for 1Cor 4:8-13: 4:8-13 ^jq Paul ironically highlights the difference between himself and them. Their attitudes reflect the wisdom of the world; his, the wisdom of God. In their pride, the Corinthians thought they had arrived, but they actually had a long way to go (cp. Rev 3:17-18 ^jr; contrast Phil 3:12-14 ^js). If they had truly arrived, they would be sharing more of the suffering that Paul experienced (1 Cor 4:11-13 ^jt). In contrast to the Corinthians, who were so proud of their attainments and the respect they had from others, the apostles suffered scorn and contempt.
4:9 ^ju Like prisoners ... condemned to die by facing wild animals in the amphitheater, the apostles were a spectacle. Paul gladly accepted suffering because God was using it to bring blessing to others (see 2 Cor 1:4-7 ^jv; 4:7-12 ^jw; Phil 2:17 ^jx; Col 1:24 ^jy).
Summary for 1Cor 4:11-13: 4:11-13 ^jz Paul reminds the Corinthians how much he had endured for Christ’s sake (cp. 2 Cor 6:4-5 ^ka; 11:23-28 ^kb).
4:12 ^kc We work: To avoid being blamed by others for taking money, Paul preferred to support himself (9:3-18 ^kd; Acts 18:3 ^ke; 20:33-35 ^kf).

• We bless those who curse us: Paul’s response was in line with Jesus’ teaching (Matt 5:44-45 ^kg; cp. Rom 12:14 ^kh, 17-21 ^ki).
Summary for 1Cor 4:14-21: 4:14-21 ^kj Paul concludes this section on divisions in the church (1:10–4:21 ^kk) with gentle words of fatherly admonition and warning.
Summary for 1Cor 4:14-16: 4:14-16 ^kl As their spiritual father who first brought them the Good News, Paul affirms his genuine concern for their well-being (cp. 1 Thes 2:11-12 ^km). As his beloved children, they should listen to their father and imitate his example and teachings (see 1 Cor 11:1 ^kn; Gal 4:12 ^ko; Phil 3:17 ^kp; 4:9 ^kq; 1 Thes 1:6 ^kr; 2 Thes 3:7-9 ^ks).
4:17 ^kt Timothy, Paul’s child in the faith and one of his closest associates, was with Paul when he first preached the Good News in Corinth (see 2 Cor 1:19 ^ku). Paul sent him to faithfully communicate what it means to follow Christ Jesus.
Summary for 1Cor 4:18-20: 4:18-20 ^kv Because of his sending Timothy, some may have concluded that Paul lacked the courage to visit them himself, but in fact Paul was deeply engrossed in his work in Ephesus at this time (Acts 19:8-20 ^kw; see study note on Acts 19:10). He would indeed visit them soon (see 1 Cor 16:5-9 ^kx; Acts 19:21-22 ^ky; 20:1-3 ^kz; cp. 2 Cor 1:15–2:4 ^la) and would confront those who publicly opposed him and show that they were nothing more than big talkers. His life and words would demonstrate the reality of God’s power (see also 1 Cor 2:4 ^lb).