Rev 16:1-12 | TNotes | STEP | Summary for Rev 16:1-21: 16:1-21 These seven bowls filled with God’s wrath represent the final judgments on the world; with the seventh bowl, “It is finished!” is shouted from God’s throne (16:17 ; cp. John 19:30 ). 16:1 The mighty voice probably belongs to God (also in 6:6 ; 9:13 ; 16:17 ; 18:4 ; 19:5 ; see Isa 66:6 ).

Summary for Rev 16:1-21: 16:1-21 ^a These seven bowls filled with God’s wrath represent the final judgments on the world; with the seventh bowl, “It is finished!” is shouted from God’s throne (16:17 ^b; cp. John 19:30 ^c). 16:1 ^d The mighty voice probably belongs to God (also in 6:6 ^e; 9:13 ^f; 16:17 ^g; 18:4 ^h; 19:5 ⁱ; see Isa 66:6 ^j).
16:2 ^k The malignant sores are reminiscent of the sixth plague of Egypt (Exod 9:9-11 ^l).

• mark of the beast: See Rev 13:13-17 ^m; 14:9-10 ⁿ.
Summary for Rev 16:3-4: 16:3-4 ^o The plagues of the second and third bowls are similar to the first plague of Egypt (Exod 7:17-21 ^p). Perhaps John had in mind that much of Rome’s food and wealth came by sea. After Julius Caesar rid the sea of pirates, shipping became Rome’s lifeblood. Its end would mean economic death for the empire (see Rev 18:17-19 ^q).
Summary for Rev 16:5-6: 16:5-6 ^r the angel who had authority over all water: Angels and archangels are portrayed as having special roles in the hierarchy of heaven (see Dan 8:16 ^s; 9:21 ^t; 10:13 ^u, 21 ^v; 12:1 ^w; Luke 1:19 ^x, 26 ^y; see also 1 Enoch 66:1-2). This angel confirms these judgments as coming from God, who is both just and holy.
16:6 ^z Punishment of God’s enemies is a just reward because they killed God’s holy people and prophets. Because they have shed ... blood, they must drink ... blood. The principle of lex talionis (the law of retribution), the basis of Roman and Jewish jurisprudence, means that God is completely just in judging and rewarding people on the basis of what they have done (see 2:23 ^aa; 11:18 ^ab; 14:13 ^ac; 18:6 ^ad; 20:12 ^ae, 13 ^af; 22:12 ^ag).
16:7 ^ah I heard a voice from the altar: The antiphonal response to the angel’s proclamation (16:5-6 ^ai) affirms God’s authority and justice. This doxology in the midst of judgment reminds persecuted Christians that God truly cares about his suffering servants and fulfills his own purpose in everything.
Summary for Rev 16:8-9: 16:8-9 ^aj The fourth ... bowl is unlike any of the plagues of Egypt or the earlier seals or trumpets.

• Everyone was burned: Contrast 7:16 ^ak. Yet the recipients of this judgment refused to repent or give God glory (see 9:20-21 ^al; 16:11 ^am; cp. 14:6-7 ^an); they even cursed the name of God.
Summary for Rev 16:10-11: 16:10-11 ^ao the throne of the beast: John might be alluding to Rome, the political power of his time. Built on seven hills (17:9 ^ap), Rome’s empire spanned the sea (13:1 ^aq) and ruled the world (13:7 ^ar).

• plunged into darkness: Similar to the ninth plague of Egypt (Exod 10:22 ^as) and to the fourth trumpet (Rev 8:12 ^at).

• ground their teeth [literally gnawed their tongues] . . . cursed the God of heaven: Both pain and hostility motivated these responses to punishment (cp. Matt 8:12 ^au; 13:42 ^av, 50 ^aw; 22:13 ^ax; 24:51 ^ay; 25:30 ^az; Luke 13:28 ^ba).
16:12 ^bb The Euphrates, the largest river in Mesopotamia, stood between Babylon and Israel and formed the eastern boundary of the Roman Empire. If it dried up, it would allow kings from the east to move their armies westward (cp. 9:13-16 ^bc). From John’s perspective as an ancient Jewish writer, these armies would always be identified with Mesopotamia rather than with countries farther east such as China or India.