Rev 21:27 | TNotes | STEP | 21:27 evil (or ceremonially unclean ): Spiritual impurity is a basic concern in Revelation (see 21:8 ). Evil is here generalized as idolatry and dishonesty (see Rev 14:5 ; 21:8 ; 22:15 ). Those who fail to appear in the Book of Life are excluded from the city of God. Only those whose names are written in the Book of Life, the pure of heart (Matt 5:8 ), will see God. Thematic note: Symbolic Numbers Numbers used in Scripture have often inspired wild speculation. An understanding of the symbolism of numbers in the ancient world can help ground our interpretation. Such symbolism, however, is not rigid or exact, so great care must be exercised when numbers are used in interpretation, so as not to push fanciful predictions about future events. The number one can refer to God’s oneness (Deut 6:4 ; Gal 3:20 ; Jas 2:19 ). Two is the minimum number required to give a legitimate witness (Deut 17:6 ; Rev 11:3 ), and three can imply divine representation (Gen 18:1-2 ; 2 Cor 13:14 ; Rev 1:4-5 ). Four can stand for the known world, represented in Revelation by living creatures, horsemen, winds, and angels (Rev 4:6-8 ; 6:1-8 ; 7:1 ) and in Genesis by four rivers (Gen 2:10-14 ). When three and four are added to make seven, they represent perfection or divine fulfillment, indicating that God and the world are in harmony. The multiplication of three by four yields twelve, the number associated with God’s people (Gen 35:22-26 ; Exod 24:4 ; 28:21 ; Num 17:2 ; Josh 4:3-8 ; 1 Kgs 18:31 ; Matt 10:1-4 ; 19:28 ; Jas 1:1 ; Rev 12:1 ; 21:12–22:2 . The number five and its multiples, such as ten, represent human completeness (e.g., five fingers per hand); and six carries a negative sense or implication of evil, being neither humanly complete ( five ) nor divinely complete ( seven ). Multiples of ten (e.g., forty ) are a symbolic way to indicate many , whereas three sixes (666) imply supreme evil (Rev 13:18 ). One thousand is regarded as the foundational large number; 12,000 indicates a large number of God’s people (Rev 7:5-8 ); and 144,000 represents the complete people of God (Rev 7:4 ; 14:1 ). The number 10,000 and its multiples are probably best transliterated from Greek as myriads , since they really mean “a huge number” rather than a precise count. While some of the numbers in the Bible have symbolic meanings, using numbers to speculate on the time of Christ’s return or of the end of the world is highly dubious—only God possesses that knowledge (Mark 13:32 ). God did not intend for the symbolic numbers in Revelation to help us predict the future; rather, their symbolic meanings help to explain the significance of the visions. Because the numbers are symbolic, sometimes when we translate them into contemporary sizes, distances, and numbers for our ease of reading, it can result in the loss of theological significance. The use of these symbolic numbers can illuminate a vision’s relationship to the world or to the people of God. Passages for Further Study Gen 2:2-3 ; 4:15 ; 15:13 ; 41:53-54 ; Exod 20:6 ; 25:31-37 ; 32:15 ; Lev 16:14 ; 23:16 ; 2 Sam 24:13 ; 1 Kgs 4:26 ; 17:21 ; 18:31 , 43-44 ; Job 1:2 ; Ps 90:4 ; Jer 15:3 ; 49:36 ; Ezek 14:21 ; Dan 4:16 , 23-25 ; 7:3 , 17 , 24 ; Zech 4:2 ; 6:1 ; Matt 10:1-5 ; 12:40 ; 18:21-22 ; Mark 6:7 ; Luke 15:8 ; Acts 6:3 ; 10:16 ; 1 Cor 8:6 ; Eph 4:4-6 ; 2 Pet 3:8 ; Rev 1:16 ; 2:10 ; 4:4 ; 6:1 ; 7:1 , 4-8 ; 12:1 , 3 ; 13:1 ; 17:3-14 ; 20:2-7 ; 21:12-21

21:27 ^a evil (or ceremonially unclean): Spiritual impurity is a basic concern in Revelation (see 21:8 ^b). Evil is here generalized as idolatry and dishonesty (see Rev 14:5 ^c; 21:8 ^d; 22:15 ^e). Those who fail to appear in the Book of Life are excluded from the city of God. Only those whose names are written in the Book of Life, the pure of heart (Matt 5:8 ^f), will see God.

Thematic note: Symbolic Numbers
Numbers used in Scripture have often inspired wild speculation. An understanding of the symbolism of numbers in the ancient world can help ground our interpretation. Such symbolism, however, is not rigid or exact, so great care must be exercised when numbers are used in interpretation, so as not to push fanciful predictions about future events.
The number one can refer to God’s oneness (Deut 6:4 ^g; Gal 3:20 ^h; Jas 2:19 ⁱ). Two is the minimum number required to give a legitimate witness (Deut 17:6 ^j; Rev 11:3 ^k), and three can imply divine representation (Gen 18:1-2 ^l; 2 Cor 13:14 ^m; Rev 1:4-5 ⁿ). Four can stand for the known world, represented in Revelation by living creatures, horsemen, winds, and angels (Rev 4:6-8 ^o; 6:1-8 ^p; 7:1 ^q) and in Genesis ^r by four rivers (Gen 2:10-14 ^s). When three and four are added to make seven, they represent perfection or divine fulfillment, indicating that God and the world are in harmony. The multiplication of three by four yields twelve, the number associated with God’s people (Gen 35:22-26 ^t; Exod 24:4 ^u; 28:21 ^v; Num 17:2 ^w; Josh 4:3-8 ^x; 1 Kgs 18:31 ^y; Matt 10:1-4 ^z; 19:28 ^aa; Jas 1:1 ^ab; Rev 12:1 ^ac; 21:12–22:2 ^ad. The number five and its multiples, such as ten, represent human completeness (e.g., five fingers per hand); and six carries a negative sense or implication of evil, being neither humanly complete (five) nor divinely complete (seven).
Multiples of ten (e.g., forty) are a symbolic way to indicate many, whereas three sixes (666) imply supreme evil (Rev 13:18 ^ae). One thousand is regarded as the foundational large number; 12,000 indicates a large number of God’s people (Rev 7:5-8 ^af); and 144,000 represents the complete people of God (Rev 7:4 ^ag; 14:1 ^ah). The number 10,000 and its multiples are probably best transliterated from Greek as myriads, since they really mean “a huge number” rather than a precise count.
While some of the numbers in the Bible have symbolic meanings, using numbers to speculate on the time of Christ’s return or of the end of the world is highly dubious—only God possesses that knowledge (Mark 13:32 ^ai). God did not intend for the symbolic numbers in Revelation to help us predict the future; rather, their symbolic meanings help to explain the significance of the visions. Because the numbers are symbolic, sometimes when we translate them into contemporary sizes, distances, and numbers for our ease of reading, it can result in the loss of theological significance. The use of these symbolic numbers can illuminate a vision’s relationship to the world or to the people of God.

Passages for Further Study
Gen 2:2-3 ^aj; 4:15 ^ak; 15:13 ^al; 41:53-54 ^am; Exod 20:6 ^an; 25:31-37 ^ao; 32:15 ^ap; Lev 16:14 ^aq; 23:16 ^ar; 2 Sam 24:13 ^as; 1 Kgs 4:26 ^at; 17:21 ^au; 18:31 ^av, 43-44 ^aw; Job 1:2 ^ax; Ps 90:4 ^ay; Jer 15:3 ^az; 49:36 ^ba; Ezek 14:21 ^bb; Dan 4:16 ^bc, 23-25 ^bd; 7:3 ^be, 17 ^bf, 24 ^bg; Zech 4:2 ^bh; 6:1 ^bi; Matt 10:1-5 ^bj; 12:40 ^bk; 18:21-22 ^bl; Mark 6:7 ^bm; Luke 15:8 ^bn; Acts 6:3 ^bo; 10:16 ^bp; 1 Cor 8:6 ^bq; Eph 4:4-6 ^br; 2 Pet 3:8 ^bs; Rev 1:16 ^bt; 2:10 ^bu; 4:4 ^bv; 6:1 ^bw; 7:1 ^bx, 4-8 ^by; 12:1 ^bz, 3 ^ca; 13:1 ^cb; 17:3-14 ^cc; 20:2-7 ^cd; 21:12-21 ^ce